The anergic and control Th1 cells were restimulated for 2 hr to up-regulate p-JNK and p-c-jun levels. Control cells that were stimulated for 2 hr did not contain p21Cip1 yet, whereas, the anergic cells that were restimulated for 2 hr TGF-beta inhibitor contained high levels of p21Cip1 (Fig. 6a). A significant

proportion of the p21Cip1 in the restimulated anergic Th1 cells was found to be associated with p-JNK. Similarly, reciprocal p-c-jun immunoprecipitation was performed. Again, a significant amount of the p21Cip1 in the restimulated anergic Th1 cells was found to be associated with p-c-jun (Fig. 6b). p21Cip1and p27Kip1 share similar N-terminal domains but show no resemblance in their C termini.23 That is why p27Kip1 does not possess PCNA binding activity; because p21Cip1 interacts with JNK through its N-terminal,15 such interaction could be shared with p27Kip1. However, in contrast to p21Cip1, p27Kip1 did not Panobinostat price coprecipitate with p-JNK or p-c-jun in the anergic Th1 cells (Fig. 6a,b). This finding underlined the selectivity of the p21Cip1–p-JNK and p21Cip1–p-c-jun interactions. If the interaction of p21Cip1 with p-JNK and p-c-jun had functional

consequences, then it should be possible to detect changes in the activity of the downstream transcription factors such as AP-1. Initial experiments were conducted to determine maximum activity kinetics of c-fos and c-jun, two components of AP-1, using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay alternative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) -based method. Maximum activity of c-fos occurred 2 hr following Th1 cell stimulation, whereas maximum activity of c-jun was observed 1 hr after Th1 cell stimulation (data not shown). Nuclear cell lysates from anergic and control Th1 cells restimulated for the appropriate time periods were then prepared and the transcription factor activities in the two groups were compared. Unstimulated resting Th1 cells yielded low activity for both c-fos and c-jun (Fig. 7a). As expected, restimulated control Th1 cells showed increased activity levels compared with resting Th1 cells. Interestingly, Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) a significant decrease was detected

in the activity of both AP-1 components in the anergic Th1 cells compared with the control Th1 cells upon restimulation. The binding levels detected for both transcription factors decreased down to baseline levels upon addition of the wild-type oligonucleotides, but were not altered by the addition of mutated oligonucleotides, confirming the specificity of the assay. The results presented suggested that p21Cip1 interacted with members of the MAPK pathway, specifically p-JNK and p-c-jun, resulting in an inhibition in proliferation and IL-2 secretion in anergic Th1 cells. To demonstrate that inhibition of JNK function is sufficient to inhibit Th1 cell proliferation in this model, the specific JNK inhibitor SP60012524 was used.