Also, the dielectric nanoparticles come with their specific promises for expected enhancement [18, 19]. But which nanoparticle material will provide the most efficient light coupling? In a solar cell, the objectives for nanoparticle application are as follows: in ultra-thin or low-absorbing photovoltaic materials, plasmonic and photonic nanoparticles are expected to enhance the absorption. This can be achieved by various mechanisms which ideally can be combined or for which the most promising one needs to be identified. Firstly, nanoparticles may be able to locally concentrate light into their vicinity, GSK3235025 in vitro i.e., generate a near-field enhancement, which then can lead

to enhanced absorption in a surrounding medium. Secondly, they scatter light and therefore are able to redirect the initially incident light for preferential scattering into the solar cell, similar to traditional anti-reflection coatings or back reflectors. Thirdly,

the scattered light is ideally scattered into modes that are otherwise subject to total reflection (being related to a high angular scattering distribution) which leads to light trapping in a thin layer. Finally, strong fields at interfaces can also lead to leaky modes enhancing the absorption in the vicinity similarly to the near fields. With the aim of judging which type of material is the most promising mTOR inhibitor one for the desired absorption enhancement, we compare the absorption and scattering behavior of different materials, each of which is characterized by a particular refractive index. The task is to find how the optical properties will influence the plasmonic/photonic scattering behavior and how we need to tune according parameters. We compare Carbohydrate metals and dielectrics but will also address semiconductors, since for example the scattering of silicon nanoparticles has started to attract interest [20]. Methods Mie theory We calculate the elastic interaction of an electromagnetic wave with a homogenous spherical particle using the Mie solution to Maxwell’s equations. The Mie theory gives the scattered external (scattering, extinction)

and internal field of the particle (absorption, field penetration inside the sphere). The matrix form can be used to show the relation between incident (subscript I) and scattered (subscript S) fields: (1) Where res is the resulting vector of the far field, S is the amplitude scattering matrix, and λ is the wavelength of the incident light with the electromagnetic wave components E ∥ I and E ⊥ I . The scattering amplitudes can be solved for a sphere with S 3 = S 4 = 0. However, the result of the scattering amplitudes S 1 and S 2 will still depend on the scattering angle and azimuthal angle. For the calculation in the Mie simulation of nanoparticles with variable radius, we concentrate on calculating the cross section with the Mie coefficients, which will no PLX3397 cell line longer depend on the scattering angles.