As many of the environmental risk factors for schizophrenia may converge to dysregulate presynaptic dopamine, it has been suggested that

this is the final common pathway to psychosis.8 This is supported by evidence that more of the variance in dopamine synthesis capacity is explained by environmental than heritable factors.16 Imaging dopamine synthesis capacity has been shown to have high sensitivity and specificity for schizophrenia.17 Furthermore, the studies to date indicate that patients with other common adult psychiatric disorders without Istodax psychosis, such as depression or bipolar disorder, do Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical not show elevated dopamine synthesis capacity (see review by Howes et al18). Elevated dopamine synthesis capacity is also not seen in healthy twin siblings of patients with schizophrenia,19 or in people with long-term subclinical psychotic symptoms who have not developed schizophrenia despite many years of symptoms,20 further suggesting specificity for the clinical disorder Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical rather than a trait phenomenon. http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Sorafenib-Tosylate.html although this requires further evaluation, these findings suggests that molecular imaging of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical dopamine synthesis capacity may be

clinically useful where there is diagnostic uncertainty such as early in the course of the illness. The importance of presynaptic dopaminergic dysfunction in schizophrenia is also supported Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by findings that elevated dopamine synthesis capacity predates the conversion to psychosis, and increases with the onset of psychosis.21-24 Elevated dopamine synthesis capacity thus has potential as a biomarker for high risk of psychosis. Findings of reduced frontal blood flow,25-28 altered cortical structure29,30 and the different distribution of dopamine receptors (ie, high density of D1 in cortex and D2 in subcortex) led to the reconceptualization of the dopamine hypothesis in 1980s to include regional specificity, which was first discussed by Bannon Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and Roth in 198331 and later by Andreasen in 1988.32

Drawing on these and other findings, Davis et al33 hypothesized that positive symptoms resulted from subcortical hyperdopaminergia and negative symptoms resulted from frontal hypodopaminergia. The relatively low density of dopamine Carfilzomib neurons and receptors in cortical regions means that cortical dopaminergic function has proven harder to image than subcortical changes, and has only become possible in the last decade with the development of high-affinity tracers. Consequently, in contrast to the wealth of evidence for subcortical hyperdopaminergia, there have been relatively few studies of cortical dopaminergic function in schizophrenia, and, although meta-analysis suggests there are reductions in D2/3 receptors, the effect is not marked (unpublished data).