In conclusion, although a careful examination of the clinical picture and of high quality X-rays might correctly have raised the right diagnostic suspicion in some of our cases, thus avoiding the decision to use the exome approach, we would recommend that CTSK gene be included in the molecular diagnosis of intermediate forms of human ARO and, more in general, of high-density bone conditions, even when Sanger sequencing is used for the mutation screening. The following are the supplementary

data related to this article. Supplementary Fig. 1.  Molecular findings in 6 new CTSK-dependent patients. The authors have nothing to disclose. This work was partially supported by the Telethon Foundation [grant GGP12178 to C.S.]; by PRIN Project [200999KRFW-002 selleck kinase inhibitor to P.V. Z-VAD-FMK clinical trial and 20102M7T8X_003 to A.V.]; by Giovani Ricercatori from Ministero della Salute [grant GR-2008-1134625 to C.S.]; by Ricerca Finalizzata from Ministero della salute [RF-2009-1499,542 to A. Villa] and by PNR-CNR aging Program 2012–2014. “
“Osteoporosis is defined as a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing to an increased risk of fracture [1], [2] and [3]. Sustained benefit of

a therapeutic agent for a chronic condition such as PD184352 (CI-1040) osteoporosis generally requires continued treatment. While bisphosphonates are the most commonly used treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis, difficult dosing regimens and multiple side effects may limit drug adherence [4]. This poor adherence to bisphosphonate therapy in osteoporosis is both common and associated with unfavorable outcomes and increased treatment costs [5] and [6]. In addition, if a patient sustains a low-trauma fracture or continues to have low

bone mineral density (BMD) while on treatment, some clinicians may consider that a patient has failed therapy and may recommend transition to another medication. For subjects who are suboptimally treated with bisphosphonates under these circumstances, it is important to understand whether they are appropriate for, and would receive benefit from, transitioning to a new therapy, such as one with a different mechanism of action than bisphosphonates. Denosumab has been approved in many countries for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at increased or high risk for fracture. Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody against RANKL, a cytokine that is an essential mediator for osteoclast formation, function, and survival [7].