Microbiology 2008,154(Pt 9):2680–2688.PubMedCrossRef 52. Martínez E, Bartolomé B, de la Cruz F: pACYC184-derived cloning vectors containing the multiple cloning site and lacZ alpha reporter gene of pUC8/9 and pUC18/19 plasmids. Gene 1988,68(1):159–162.PubMedCrossRef 53. Santiviago

CA, Toro CS, Bucarey SA, Mora GC: A chromosomal region surrounding the Ferrostatin-1 cost ompD porin gene marks a genetic difference between Salmonella typhi and the majority of Salmonella serovars. Microbiology 2001,147(Pt 7):1897–1907.PubMed 54. Maloy SR: From Southern DNA hybridization to map Tn phoA insertions. In Genetic analysis of pathogenic bacteria: A laboratory manual. Edited by: Maloy SR, Stewart VJ, Taylor RK. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

Press edn; 1996:408. 55. McCormick BA, Colgan SP, Delp-Archer C, Miller SI, Madara JL: Salmonella typhimurium attachment to human intestinal epithelial monolayers: transcellular signalling to subepithelial neutrophils. selleck chemicals J Cell Biol 1993,123(4):895–907.PubMedCrossRef 56. Lissner CR, Swanson RN, O’Brien AD: Genetic control of the innate resistance of mice to Salmonella typhimurium : expression of the Ity gene in peritoneal and splenic macrophages isolated in vitro . J Immunol 1983,131(6):3006–3013.PubMed 57. Contreras I, Toro CS, Troncoso G, Mora GC: Salmonella typhi mutants defective in anaerobic respiration are impaired in their ability to replicate within epithelial cells. Microbiology 1997,143(Pt 8):2665–2672.PubMedCrossRef Authors’ contributions AT: designed the studies, performed the experiments and wrote the manuscript; LB: performed the transepithelial electrical resistance experiment, contributing significantly in the development of the other experiments and in the preparation of manuscript; JAF: participated in writing the paper; GCM: designed the studies and participated in the revision acetylcholine of the CDK inhibitor manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Zoosporic

plant pathogens in the phylum Oomycota of the Stramenopila kingdom include hundreds of devastating species that attack a broad range of economically important agricultural and ornamental crops as well as forest tree species [1, 2]. These oomycetes, including Phytophthora and Pythium species, use motile zoospores for dispersal and plant infection [3–5]. Plant infection by zoosporic pathogens is often effective in nature despite the fact that the population density in primary inoculum sources is relatively low [6–9]. This has led to differing theories with regard to density-dependent zoospore behaviors and plant infection [10–17]. A recent study with Phytophthora nicotianae showed that plant infection may be regulated through zoosporic extracellular products in zoospore-free fluid (ZFF) which can promote infection by a single zoospore [18].