PCN depletes GSH in cultured airway epithelial cells and inactivates catalase. Excessive ROS RNS production and inhibition of antioxidative mechanisms by PCN overwhelm Palbociclib purchase the antioxidant capacity of the tissue, leading to lung damage. PCN damages cili ated epithelium and inhibits mucus transport, induces bronchoconstriction, and decreases trachea mucus velocity. Furthermore, PCN inhibits NO produc tion in macrophages and endothelial cells, prostacyc lin production by endothelial cells, oxidation of leukotriene B4 by neutrophils, eicosanoid metabolism by platelets, and production of IL 2 and the IL 2 receptor in T cells. PCN has opposite effects on air way epithelial cells, inhibiting the release of RANTES and MCP 1 while stimulating Ca2 signaling and IL 8 release.

Finally, PCN inactivates 1 protease inhibitor and causes apoptosis in neutrophils. Antioxidants detoxify PCN, suggesting that its virulence is redox dependent. Importantly, we have shown that PCN is important for both acute and chronic lung infections. GCHM, excessive mucus secretion and defective mucociliary clearance, airway obstruction, bacterial infection, and neutrophilic infiltration are important clinical features of CF and other chronic airway diseases. We have shown that mouse lungs chronically exposed to PCN undergo remodeling characterized by over proliferation of goblet cells in large bronchi and terminal bronchioles, emphysema, fibrosis, and an influx of immune cells. These pathological features resemble the airways of FOXA2 mice, as well as the CF and COPD airways chronically infected by PA.

Importantly, we have shown that PCN inhibits FOXA2 expression by activating the pro GCHM signaling pathways Stat6 and EGFR. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that PCN generated ROS RNS posttranslationally modify FOXA2, disabling its ability to regulate GCHM and mucin expression. Materials and methods PCN and chemicals All chemicals, including PCN were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. unless stated otherwise. Chemically synthesized PCN is preferred over PCN purified from PA cultures to eliminate any contaminants, which may cause lung injuries. PCN was resuspended to 1 ug ml in sterile H2O. Cell cultures The human lung mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line NCI H292 was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection. 16HBE cells were a generous gift from Dr. D. C. Gruenert.

NCI H292 and 16HBE cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 and MEM respectively, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum Brefeldin_A in 5% CO2. Epithelial cells that reached 70% confluency were serum starved for 24 hr before exposure to indicated concentra tions of PCN. As a control, cells were exposed to sterile H2O that corresponded to maximum volume of PCN used in each experiment. For example, 12. 5 ul ml sterile water was used per milliliter of culture medium in Figure 1B. Normal human bronchial epithelial cells were pur chased from Lonza.