Belnacasan mw PubMedCrossRef 30. Shirreffs SM: Markers of hydration status. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2000, 40:80–84.PubMed 31. Karli U, Güvenç A, Aslan A, Hazir T, Acikada C: Influence of Ramadan fasting on anaerobic performance and recovery following short time high intensity exercise. J Sports Sci Med 2007,2007(6):490–497. 32. Al Hourani HM, Atoum MF, Akel S, Hijjawi N,

Awawdeh S: Effects of Ramadan fasting on some haematological and biochemical Ipatasertib solubility dmso parameters. Jordan J Biol Sci 2009, 2:103–108. 33. Womersley RA, Darragh JH: Potassium and sodium restriction in the normal human. J Clin Invest 1955, 34:456–461.PubMedCrossRef 34. Bouhlel E, Denguezli M, Zaouali M, Tabka Z, Tabka Z, Shephard RJ: Ramadan fasting effect on plasma leptin, adiponectin concentrations, and body composition in trained young men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2008, 18:617–627.PubMed 35. Ibrahim WH, Habib HM, Jarrar AH, Al Baz SA: Effect of Ramadan fasting on markers of oxidative stress and serum biochemical markers of cellular damage in healthy subjects. Ann Nutr Metab 2008, 53:175–181.PubMedCrossRef 36. Gabay C, Kushner I: Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med 1999, 340:448–454.PubMedCrossRef 37. Chaouachi A, Coutts AJ, Wong DP, Roky R, Mbazaa A, Amri BB-94 A, Chamari K: Haematological, inflammatory, and immunological responses

in elite judo athletes maintaining high training loads during Ramadan. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009, 34:907–915.PubMedCrossRef Competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions All authors have made substantive intellectual contributions towards conducting the study and preparing the manuscript for publication. TK, GZ, JK, KS, MRJ, HA and ZKM were responsible for the study design, coordination of the study, and oversight of data collection and analysis. SRS assisted in manuscript

preparation and the revision of final manuscript. All authors read and approved of the final manuscript.”
“Introduction Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase Obesity, particularly central adiposity, has been increasingly cited as a major health issue in recent decades. Indeed, some of the leading causes of preventable death and disability, including heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, degenerative joint disease, low back pain, and specific types of cancer are obesity-related [1]. In the United States, more than one-third of adults (35.7%) are obese [2]. Annual obesity-related medical costs in the United States were estimated to be as high as $147 billion in 2009 [3]. Excess body weight is also a major risk factor for the development of Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolic Syndrome is a constellation of medical disorders including hypertension, central adiposity, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia [4, 5] that increase the risk of premature cardiovascular disease.