Studies

on virus neutralization in monocytes were supported by the Singapore National Research Foundation under its Clinician-Scientist Award administered by the National Medical Research Council (NMRC/CSA/025/2010). “
“Defective interfering (DI) viruses are natural mutants that arise spontaneously, occur widely, and have a genome that has undergone at least one major deletion. As a result their replication is dependent on complementation by a genetically compatible infectious helper virus to provide any missing BGB324 order function. All DI genomes retain sequences that allow them to be packaged and replicated. The resulting DI virus particle is usually indistinguishable from that of the infectious virus. In cell culture DI viruses are not only defective but also interfering, the DI genome being the structure responsible for this property. Thus, under appropriate conditions, the presence of the DI genome reduces the amount of infectious progeny virus produced (Holland, 1990a, Holland, 1990b, Huang and Baltimore, 1970, Nayak et al., 1989 and Perrault, 1981). Some, but not all DI viruses can protect animals from clinical

disease caused by the homologous virus (Barrett and Dimmock, 1986, Dimmock, 1991, Dimmock, 1996, Dimmock et al., 2008 and Roux et al., 1991). Influenza DI 244 virus also protects against genetically unrelated (heterologous) viruses Cilengitide clinical trial (pneumonia virus of mice (PVM: Paramyxoviridae and influenza B virus) in vivo, primarily by induction of type 1 Oxalosuccinic acid interferon ( Easton et al., 2011 and Scott et al., 2011b). DI virus-induced interferon is not required for protection against a lethal challenge with influenza A viruses ( Easton et al., 2011). Influenza A DI viruses were the first to be described (von Magnus, 1954) and have been studied extensively (Nayak, 1980, Nayak et al., 1985 and Nayak et al., 1989). However, most DI influenza virus preparations contain many different defective RNA sequences, so that it was not possible to determine the relationship between a particular defective RNA sequence and its biological

properties. Recently we solved this problem using reverse genetics to make cloned DI viruses that contain one major species of DI RNA (Dimmock et al., 2008; Duhaut and Dimmock, 1998, Duhaut and Dimmock, 2000, Duhaut and Dimmock, 2002 and Duhaut and Dimmock, 2003). One such influenza virus, containing the 244 DI RNA, derived from segment 1, strongly protected mice against disease caused by several different influenza A virus subtypes when inoculated intranasally (Dimmock et al., 2008). This protection is dependent on the integrity of the 244 DI RNA and protection is lost when the DI RNA is destroyed by extensive UV irradiation. The DI influenza A virus particle retains receptor specificity and, when topically applied, targets the DI RNA to influenza virus-susceptible cells in the respiratory tract.