The IC50 values of cyanidin-3-rutinoside against intestinal maltase, and sucrase were 2,323 +/- 14.8 and 250.2 +/- 8.1 mu M, respectively. The kinetic analysis revealed that intestinal sucrase was inhibited by cyanidin-3-rutinoside in a mixed-type manner. The synergistic inhibition also found in combination of cyanidin-3-rutinoside with acarbose against intestinal maltase and sucrase. The oral administration of cyanidin-3-rutinoside (100 and 300 mg/kg) plus maltose

or sucrose to normal rats, postprandial plasma glucose was markedly suppressed at 30-90 min after loading. Furthermore, GW2580 mouse the normal rats treated with acarbose and cyanidin-3-rutinoside (30 mg/kg) showed greater reduction of postprandial plasma glucose than the group treated with acarbose alone. These results suggest that cyanidin-3-rutinoside retards absorption HM781-36B inhibitor of carbohydrates by inhibition of a-glucosidase which may be useful as a potential inhibitor for prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus.”
“Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (CCP-AB) are used for diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is still unknown if the extent of CCP-AB levels is useful to assess the disease activity or the

individual follow-up as an individual activity parameter. We investigated 40 patients with a known RA who were positive for CCP-AB. Correlation between disease activity (DAS 28) and the amount of levels of CCP-AB in all patients over time as well as the individual follow-up Selonsertib inhibitor were analysed. A weak correlation

between CCP-AB and DAS 28 [r=0.19; p=0.001] was found. The individual correlation between CCP-AB titre and DAS 28 ranged between r=-1 and r=1, so a strong positive and also a strong negative correlation was seen in single patients. In patients with erosive RA the correlation was significantly more positive than in patients with non-erosive RA. Because the correlation between CCP-AB levels and parameters of disease activity measured by DAS 28 is very low, we conclude for monitoring the disease activity to use simply and established parameters like morning stiffness, HAQ or ESR. The individual follow-up of the levels of CCP-AB is by the moment not useful for monitoring the disease activity.”
“Several analyses of hollow fiber reverse osmosis (RO) modules in which permeate water flows from the outer to the inner side of the membrane have been attempted over the past 20 years. In our previous work, an FCP (Friction Concentration Polarization) model showed good agreement with a wide range of actual performance data of a hollow fiber RO membrane module of radial flow type. In this work, this analytical model was applied to axial flow type hollow fiber modules. The performance of the axial flow type module with high packing density of hollow fibers was analyzed, taking into consideration the axial concentration profile in the module.