each demands parenteral administra tion, is high-priced, and may well lead to undesired side eects. During the last various many years, there have been intensied eorts to develop small molecule inhibitors that can be taken orally and that could end result VEGFR inhibition in less highly-priced, safer, and more conveniently administered treatment. On this issue of Arthritis Study & Therapy, Chang and colleagues present data demonstrating the eectiveness of a selective Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PCI 32765, in two experimental models of RA. Btk was originally identied as defective in patients who had X linked agammaglobulinemia and who exhibi ted a profound reduction of B cells. Btk is a non receptor tyrosine kinase within the Tec family of kinases and contains six domains: pleckstrin homogy, Btk homology, polyproline region, two Src homology, and a tyrosine kinase.

Hydroxylase inhibitor review Though originally identi ed in B cells, it has been found extra recently in myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages neutrophils, and mast cells. Btk is activated by crosslinking immunoglobulins on the surface of B cells and by the ligation of Fc receptors and integrins on myeloid cells, mediated through Src kinases, including Lyn and Syk, the latter a promising therapeutic target in RA. Src kinase activation of plasma membrane bound Btk results in tyrosine phosphorylation of tyrosine 551, which leads to autophosphory lation at tyrosine 223, resulting in full kinase activity.

Activated Btk drives phosphorylation Skin infection of PLC and subsequent PKC activation, which in turn results in the calcium ux and the activation of transcrip tion factors, including nuclear factor kappa B and NF AT, regulating the expression downstream genes controlling proliferation, survival, and chemokine and cytokine gene expression. PCI 32765, like other Btk inhibitors, was designed to inhibit the activation by selectively interacting with an ATP binding site in the tyrosine kinase domain, preventing Btk phosphorylation and activation. Adding to their previously published observations in collagen induced arthritis, Chang and colleagues convincingly demonstrate the therapeutic eectiveness of PCI 32765 in collagen induced arthritis, documenting marked reduction of joint swelling, destruction, and inammatory mediators. However, their prior publica tion demonstrated that the improvement was due in part to suppression of the anti collagen antibody response, consistent with the results observed with another Btk inhibitor.

However, suppression of the collagen antibody induced arthritis model, which employed anti collagen antibodies plus the Toll like receptor 4 ligand lipopolysaccharide, Caspase phosphorylation by both Btk inhibitors demonstrates an eect beyond just suppression of autoantibody production.
he in vitro studies demonstrate the ability to inhibit B cell activation and proliferation and to inhibit activation through IgG and IgE Fc receptors but not TLR4. The inability to suppress TLR4 signaling confounds the interpretation of the CAIA model, which employs LPS. In contrast, other studies have documented a role for Btk in macrophage activation through TLR4. The ability to suppress TLR signaling might be benecial in RA since TLR signaling might contribute to the progres sion of RA mediated by endogenous TLR ligands.

How might Btk inhibitors, given their eectiveness in animal models, t into the armamentarium of therapies for RA That depends on a number of factors. The rst, and most important, is whether success in animal models will translate to ecacy in human disease. The p38 mitogen activated protein kinase experience, in which a number of compounds that demonstrated promising ecacy in preclinical animal models failed to deliver on that promise in clinical studies in patients with RA, taught us a valuable lesson on this regard. The p38 experience taught us another important lesson as well: the ubiquitous nature of the kinase family, and its presence in so many dierent cell types, increases the likelihood of o target eects of inhibitors of these proteins.