Th2 lineage To extend our transcriptional analysis into transcrip tional regulation, we decided to systematically analyze selleck chem both genome wide transcription factor binding site predictions made in silico and comprehensive literature derived information about target genes of selected TFs. First, we predicted which of the transcription factors have binding sites in the RefSeq gene promoters using the ProbTF tool combined with an empirical p value computation. We focused on genes that were identified by the pre vious LIGAP analysis and considered all transcription factors that had known binding specificities in TRANSFAC. We did not restrict our analysis only to those TFs whose transcripts are differentially expres sed because, e. g.

STAT6 is not differentially expressed during the early differentiation although it is a master regulator in the early differentiation of Th2 cells. An important goal is to identify master regulators of the lineage commitment processes. Recently, it was found out that most of the direct targets of STAT6, an important regulator of Th2 differentiation, were up regulated in Th2 cells. Here we were interested in identifying TFs whose binding sites are enriched in the promoter regions of the genes which are differentially regulated in Th2 con ditions, both among the up regulated and down regulated genes. Instead of looking at individual TF binding predic tions that are prone to contain false positives, we used the Fishers exact test to search for enrichment of binding sites, in comparison to randomly selected gene set.

The same analysis was carried out separately for all the diffe rentially regulated gene sets and by taking into account the direction of regulation. Using a p value cut off of 0. 01 for TF binding, we identified three hits from the enrichment analysis among Th2 specific up regulated genes and three among the Th2 specific down regulated genes. The results are de picted in Figure 6. The different enriched IRF family motifs were combined and their targets were pooled. In accordance to our previously published results, the strongest hit AV-951 within the Th2 up regulated genes was STAT6, followed by NKX3A, and CDP. NKX3A is a member of the NKX family of homeobox genes that is expressed in prostate epithelium and functions as a potential prostate tumor suppressor. Recently, in a study focusing on Jurkat cells, a GATA3 binding site on the promoter of NKX3 gene was identified.

Furthermore, in mouse in creased expression of Nkx3a was observed to be regula ted by IL 4 independently of STAT6. CDP is highly conserved homeodomain transcription factor involved in many cellular processes, including differentiation, selleck chemicals Idelalisib development and proliferation. Interestingly, CDP has been identified as a repres sive regulator of CD8 silencer region and TCRB enhancer region and plays a role in promoting repressive chromatin modifications via association with histone deacetylase 1 and histone 3 methyltransferase. It is important to notice that the bindi