, 2007). Information about exposure profiles may be critical for research questions involving behavior change and disease risk information (Matt et al., 1999). Our findings suggest that the smoking status of the parent providing the PSE report will need to be considered in future studies. Combining the PSE reports obtained Lapatinib from smoking parents with those of nonsmoking parents could attenuate the relationship between reported exposure and cotinine, such that reports from these two parent cohorts should be examined separately. In order to maximize the validity of parent-reported exposure, reports from smoking sources in the child’s environment may also be necessary to enhance the reports from nonsmoking parents. Additionally, nonsmoking parents may require instruction or counseling to become better observers of exposure behaviors when participating in PSE exposure trials.

Although our results are promising, they should be interpreted within the context of a limited sample comprising parents who were recruited to participate in a study designed to reduce PSE to their child being treated for cancer. Additionally, conclusions about nonsmoking parents providing reports of exposure in our study were based on a small number of participants, which limited the power for statistical testing and warrant future investigation. Replicating this study with families of young cancer patients may further increase our understanding of the factors that impact the validity of parent reports.

While this study did not examine the specific social and environmental contexts in which the child’s exposure took place, such information is critical to understanding the ��etiology�� of child exposure. Clearly, children are not exposed in the hospital or other clinical settings where smoking is prohibited and exposure is severely controlled. Understanding what might be added to homes, cars, and other microenvironments to move them closer to the functional conditions that now prevail in hospitals and in other such settings may enable much greater reduction in children’s PSE. Funding Supported in part by grants CA 085406 and CA 21765 from the National Cancer Institute and the American Lebanese Associated Charities. Declaration of Interests None declared. Supplementary Material [Article Summary] Click here to view.
The ITC Project is the only international study that specifically evaluates the effectiveness of FCTC policies.

As a result, the ITC Project has quickly become an important source of scientific data on the impact of national-level tobacco control polices. Through the application of quasiexperimental methods, the ITC Four Country Dacomitinib Survey has established that enhancement of warning labels (Hammond et al., 2007; Hammond, Fong, McNeill, Borland, & Cummings, 2006; Thrasher, Hammond, Fong, & Arillo-Santilan, 2007; Thrasher et al.