These adjustments have three goals: to support the head and body against gravity and other external Navitoclax manufacturer forces, to maintain the centre of mass aligned and over the base of support, and to stabilise parts of the body while other parts are moved. Balance, therefore forms the foundation of all voluntary motor skills (Massion & Woollacott 1996) and is a real problem when muscles are paralysed or weak. As these muscles control hip, knee, and ankle joints, these individuals need to learn to balance using muscles of the upper body. In order to enable patients to regain functional skills, the rehabilitation therapist sets goals for

the patient and arranges the environment in which the action takes place. However, it is the patient who must organize a movement that matches the environment and produces the desired outcome. Using Gentile’s taxonomy, reaching sideways to touch or pick up an object on the floor (eg, Fig 1, top left, Harvey at al 2011) and sitting up again, gives the patient

the ‘idea of the movement’ (Gentile 2000). They get an idea of how far they can move laterally and still return to upright sitting without losing balance by testing the limits of stability and expanding these limits to achieve their objective. If the movement is not practised in the context of an everyday activity, and if it is not made challenging and therefore difficult (but not impossible), it becomes meaningless, and boring – ie, producing the movement is abstract rather than concrete. Functional tasks have a concrete goal, eg, picking Ion Channel Ligand Library cell assay up the soap from the floor when showering. Some of the subjects found the ‘exercises boring and repetitious’. Exercises can be boring and repetitive unless we are training to go skiing, run a marathon, or cycle in a charity race when Rebamipide we have concrete goals and motivation is high and we really push ourselves. So one wonders, was the training program sufficiently challenging and goal directed? Did the methodology allow sufficient challenge for the participants to learn how to adapt to environmental demands, pay attention to critical

features, and actively engage in practice. Acquiring skill does not only mean to repeat and consolidate but also to invent and progress (Whiting 1980); practice is a particular type of repetition without repetition (Bernstein 1967). Did they practise moving at different speeds, were they encouraged to push themselves to their ‘limits’? Did they have the chance to make mistakes – making errors is part of learning. Interestingly, it seems that the results of this study support the principle of specificity of training. The study has also opened up a most interesting area of investigation, and we are sure the article will stimulate considerable interest as it has for us. “
“We thank Professors Shepherd and Carr for their letter and interest in our paper (Harvey et al 2011). We largely agree with their insightful comments and interpretation of the literature.