This is required, because without this information the Committee cannot proceed. References. These should include the details required for most journal articles today (title of paper; names of all authors, with initials; name or standard abbreviation of the journal; volume number; start and end pages; year; PMID number, if available). Supporting publications and contact information

are required exactly as for a new enzyme. As the system for classifying enzymes has been continuously revised and updated since it was first set up in 1960, it has remained far more in tune with current research than the recommendations on enzyme kinetics have done, and the present web-based selleck inhibitor system for proposing new entries works very smoothly at present. Some hundreds of new entries are added every year. Nonetheless, researchers should be conscious that any expert on a particular enzyme is likely to know far more about it than any member of the Nomenclature Committee can know, and is therefore well placed to notice and correct errors and omissions in the list. The future health of the classification system must depend in part on the willingness of biochemists to communicate new information and to correct errors in old information. The author has no conflict of interest. “
“High-resolution spectrometers and theoretical advances in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), together with the development of protein engineering, provide powerful means

to elucidate the structure–function relationships of substrates,

peptides, C59 wnt ic50 proteins and, in particular, enzymes. NMR spectroscopy can, in principle, yield detailed information regarding enzyme structure and the structure of the specific ligands which bind to the enzyme. The structure of the ligands at the binding sites of enzymes and the structure of enzyme–ligand Depsipeptide complexes can also be obtained, as well as the dynamics of the ligand and the associated structure of the protein binding site. The tertiary structures of proteins and peptides can now be determined in solution, independently of diffraction data, by homonuclear and heteronuclear multi-dimensional NMR. Since NMR is a time-dependent phenomenon, kinetic as well as thermodynamic and structural information regarding both enzymes and substrates can be obtained. The attraction of NMR is that (again, in principle) one can investigate the magnetic nuclei of each of the atoms within the molecule of the enzyme (1H, 13C, 15N, …), of the ligands which bind to the enzyme (1H, 19F, 31P, 13C,…), or of the environment of the active-site (solvent 1H2O, 2D2O, 23Na, 39K, 35Cl,…). Since a large number of enzymes either contain metal ions (metallo-enzymes) or require the addition of metal ions for activity (metal-requiring enzymes) a variety of these metal ions can be observed by NMR. These include divalent cations (25Mg, 43Ca, 59Co, 113Cd, etc.) and monovalent cations (7Li, 23Na, 39K, 205Tl, etc.).