88 A survey of 2314 randomly selected bankruptcy filers in 2007 found that out-of-pocket expenditures for neurologic diseases such as multiple sclerosis accounted for the highest medical bills, at an average of $34,167 per person, exceeding expenditures for diabetes, stroke, mental illness, and heart disease.4 Based on several regional studies, the annual incidence of spinal cord injury in the United States is estimated to be between 2489 and 7766 per million people, or roughly 12,000 to 20,000 new cases per year.65 Motor vehicle collisions account Selleckchem C59 wnt for most cases, and 80%

of affected individuals are male. It is estimated that there are approximately 270,000 living survivors of spinal cord injury in the United States, with a Enzalutamide solubility dmso range of 238,000 to 332,000 people.65 The limitations of a spinal cord injury on activities of daily living are largely determined by the location and completeness of the injury sustained.71 The higher the level of spinal cord injury, the more assistance the patient will need for activities of daily living and locomotion. Although there are many exceptions, patients are generally independent in all self-care if their injury

occurs at spinal level T1 or below. Patients with a low cervical injury (C6-8) may require additional bowel and bladder care and bathing with adaptive equipment, while patients with high cervical injury have an increased dependency on oral functioning for hygiene, writing, typing, and operating a power wheelchair.71 In 1 model system, more than half (57.1%) of all people with spinal cord injury reported being employed before their injury, but this number fell to 11.8% 1 year later.65 With physical and occupational Tau-protein kinase therapy, many patients are able to regain much of their ability to care for themselves and reenter the workforce. By 20 years postinjury, the same cohort of patients had a 35.2% employment rate. Costs associated with spinal cord injury are greatly influenced by the patient’s severity of injury and resultant degree of disability.65 In 2011, average per-person

yearly expenses ranged from $334,170 in the first year and $40,589 in each subsequent year for patients with incomplete injury, versus $1,023,924 in the first year and $177,808 in each subsequent year for patients with C1-4 tetraplegia.70 The total annual cost attributed to spinal cord injury in the United States is approximately $14.5 billion ($21.5 billion in 2013 dollars).67 Estimates for direct costs range from $7.73 billion ($14.0 billion in 2013 dollars)68 to $9.73 billion ($18.1 billion in 2013 dollars),67 while estimates for indirect costs range from $2.59 billion ($3.83 billion in 2013 dollars)67 to $5.5 billion ($7.0 billion in 2013 dollars).65 Our review of the literature suggests that back pain and arthritis are the most common and costly conditions that we examined, affecting over 100 million individuals and costing more than $200 billion per year.