Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica and Citrobacter rodentium were grown at 37 °C; Serratia was grown at 30 °C; and Pectobacterium was grown at 25 °C. Liquid growth was routinely in Luria–Bertani (LB) Broth (5 g L−1 yeast extract, 5 g L−1 Selleckchem ABT-737 NaCl and 10 g L−1

tryptone). The constituents of Pel Minimal Medium (PMM), Pel Minimal Broth (PMB) and glucose Minimal Medium (MM) were as described previously (Shih et al., 1999; Coulthurst et al., 2006; Evans et al., 2010). Solid media were prepared by supplementing liquid media with 1.6% agar. Top agar contained 0.35% agar. Anaerobic growth was assessed by spotting serial dilutions of bacterial cultures on MM agar and then incubating in an anaerobic chamber with an AnaeroGen sachet (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) at 25 °C. Culture supernatants were assessed for the presence of phage by spotting 10 μL of filtered supernatant (0.22-μm pore size) from overnight cultures on top lawns of the test strains and incubating overnight. Generalized transduction was carried out essentially as described by Toth et al. (1997). The two prophages were deleted from the genome and replaced with an antibiotic resistance cassette by marker exchange mutagenesis, as described by Coulthurst et al. (2006). Full details are EGFR inhibitor given in Supporting Information.

The double mutant, TJE103, was created by transducing the chloramphenicol resistance determinant from TJE101 into TJE102, followed by PCR verification of prophage absence. PCR was performed according to standard protocols and DNA sequencing was performed by the DNA Sequencing Facility, Department of Biochemistry, University of

Cambridge. To detect circularized prophages, two rounds of 30 PCR cycles were used, Clomifene each using an annealing temperature of 60 °C and an extension time of 2 min 15 s. After the first round of PCR, the DNA was purified from the reaction using the QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen) and 2 μL of the resulting product was used as the template for the second round of PCR. An annealing temperature of 55 °C and an extension time of 1 min 15 s were used for duplex PCR to detect prophages in Pa strains. pflA was amplified with primers oTE126 and oTE127 and cloned into pBAD30 following restriction digestion with XbaI and HindIII, generating plasmid pTE13. RNA was isolated from cultures grown in PMB for 14 h and reverse transcription (RT) was carried out as described by Burr et al. (2006). For detection of the 3′ region of pflA, 30 PCR cycles were used with an annealing temperature of 55 °C and an extension time of 1 min, using primers oTE151 and oTE152. Two aliquots of 5 mL LB were inoculated with 100 μL of an overnight culture of Pa. After 4 h, ciprofloxacin was added to one culture to a final concentration of 8 ng mL−1 (the highest concentration that did not arrest the growth of liquid cultures; data not shown).