coli    1830 pro – met – Km r Nm r, containing transposon Tn5 on the ?sucidal? plasmid pJB4JI Gantotti et al.

[37]    DH5 supE44hsdR17recA1endA1gyrA1thi-1relA1 Hanahan and Reusch et al [26, 38] Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum    89-H-4 putative biocontrol agent Laboratory stock    H-rif-8-6 89-H-4, Rif r this work    Ea1068 wild type Laboratory stock    T-29 wild type Laboratory stock    E108 wild type Laboratory stock    A-100 wild type Laboratory stock    86-H-2 wild type Laboratory stock    TH12-2 H-rif-8-2, flhC:: Tn5, Rif r, Kan r this work    KH17 H-rif-8-2, flh D::Kan, Rif r, Kan r this work    FliC-KO H-rif-8-2, fli C::Kam, Rif r, Kam r this work    FlhA-KO H-rif-8-2, flh A::Kam, selleck products Rif r, Kam r this work plasmid    pBR322 Amp r, Kan r Bolivar et al [39]    pBYL2DC Amp r, flhDC this work    pBYL2C Amp r, flhC this work    pBYL2D Amp r, flhD this work    pBFC Amp r, fliC this work    pBFA Amp r, flhA this work Amp r indicates ampcillin resistance, Rif r indicates rifampicin

resistance, and Kan r indicates Kanamycin resistance. Selleck GDC-0068 Bacterial mating Bacterial mating was carried out on NA using the membrane-filter mating method [14] with 0.22-μm pore size membrane filters (Millipore, Inc. Bedford, MA). The filters were placed on NA and incubated overnight at 28°C. Appropriate dilutions of each progeny suspension were spread on modified Drigalski’s agar plates [19] containing 50 μg/ml rifampicin and kanamycin and incubated at 28°C for 24–48 h before the colonies were isolated. Bacteriocin assays Bacteriocin production was examined as described previously [20] in hard IFO-802 (with 1.4% agar) and soft IFO-802 Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) (with 0.65% agar) medium. Growth inhibition zones around the colonies were considered as an indication of bacteriocin production. Genetic engineering techniques Previously described techniques were used to

isolate the plasmids of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum [21, 22] and E. coli [23]. Total DNA was isolated as previously described [22]. Oligonucleotide DNA primers were synthesized by MDE Bio Inc. (Taipei, Taiwan). Reagents were purchased from Takara Co. (Tokyo, Japan). Previously detailed protocols were utilized for the general Staurosporine order polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [24] and thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR) [25], except that in the latter technique the annealing temperature of specific primers was decreased from 63°C to 60°C. For TAIL-PCR, specific primers complementary to the respective sequences of Tn5 (PR-1, PR-2, PR-3, PF-1, PF-2, and PF-3) or known sequences after the first TAIL-PCR analysis (TH12-2F1, TH12-2F2, TH12-2R1, and TH12-2R2) were synthesized (Table 2). In addition, three arbitrary degenerate primers designated N-1, N-2, and N-3 were used (Table 2). Table 2 Primers used in this studya Primer   Sequence (5′→3′) PR-1 ……… 5′-GCCGAAGAGAACACAGATTTAGCCCA PR-2 ………