Using the anterograde anatomical tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, we examined the efferent projections of CM, comparing projections from rostra! (CMr) and

caudal (CMc) regions of CM. We showed that the central medial nucleus distributes substantially to several cortical sites and to a limited number of subcortical structures. The primary CM targets were anterior and posterior regions of cortex, the claustrum, the caudate-putamen, the nucleus accumbens (ACC), the olfactory tubercle, and the amygdala. MRT67307 supplier CMr and CMc distribute to several of the same structures but essentially to different parts of these structures. By comparison, CMr more strongly targets limbic structures, CMc more heavily sensorimotor structures. Main CMr projection sites were the medial agranular, anterior cingulate, prelimbic, dorsolateral orbital and dorsal agranular insular cortices, the dorsal striatum, the ACC, and the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala. Main CMc cortical projection sites were the ventrolateral, lateral and dorsolateral orbital cortices, dorsal, ventral and posterior agranular insular cortices, visceral cortex, primary somatosensory and motor cortices, and perirhinal cortex. Main CMc subcortical projection sites were the dorsal striatum and the lateral, central, anterior cortical, and basomedial nuclei of amygdala. The largely complementary output of CMr and CMc to diverse areas of cortex and

to regions of the striatum and amygdala suggest a combined CM influence over a widespread area of the anterior cortex and throughout the dorsal and ventral striatum and the amygdala. CM projections to limbic 3-deazaneplanocin A clinical trial and sensorimotor

structures of GSK1904529A cost the rostral forebrain suggest that CM may serve to integrate affective, cognitive and sensorimotor functions for goal-directed behavior. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of IBRO.”
“Allocation of attentional resources during early visual processing was investigated in schizophrenia. Pupillary responses were recorded during a backward masking task as an index of resource allocation in schizophrenia patients (n=51) and nonpsychiatric controls (n=51). Two time-linked components of pupillary response waveforms appeared to differentially index resource allocation to targets versus masks. Two patient subgroups were identified: One with normal overall pupillary responses (resource allocation), but greater allocation on mask relative to target components, and another with abnormally small overall pupillary responses and similar allocation between target and mask components. Thus, misallocation of resources to masks contributed to masking deficits in one subgroup, whereas reduced resource allocation contributed to deficits in the other. The nature of resource-related deficits can vary across schizophrenia subgroups.”
“Stability and flexibility are both hallmarks of brain function that allow animals to thrive in ever-changing environments.