For example, muscle fatigue enhances MEP amplitude and CSP duration (Taylor et al., 1996, 2000). Although the contraction intensities were low and adequate rest periods were given between trial

blocks, muscle fatigue was possible due to the number of trials. Nonetheless, the absence of a change between MVCpre and MVCpost for both muscles suggests that muscle fatigue did not influence the results. Another important factor that influences MEP amplitude is the amount of background EMG activity (Capaday, 1997). In the current study, this depended on the ability of the subjects to maintain constant force and ADM EMG levels across conditions, despite having to concurrently produce an index finger flexion movement upon a randomly timed acoustic tone. Accordingly, the similar ADM EMG levels across conditions suggest that motor unit pool excitation was similar in all HIF-1 activation cases and not responsible for

changes in MEP. Thus, subjects performed the complex task in conformity with the task requirements during the experimental blocks after sufficient practice. An additional potential confound of the study is the possible dependence of CSP duration on MEP amplitude, as some studies have shown a correlation between these variables (Cantello Cobimetinib et al., 1992; Taylor et al., 1997; Ho et al., 1998; Orth & Rothwell, 2004). Thus, it could be argued that changes in CSP duration could be exclusively due to concomitant changes in MEP amplitude. However, the evidence for an association between the two variables comes primarily from the aforementioned studies that used a range of stimulus intensities, which would lead to associations

as both variables are dependent on stimulus intensity. Although one study using a constant stimulus intensity in a single behavioral condition also found an association between CSP duration and MEP amplitude (Orth & Rothwell, 2004), it has been shown conclusively that MEP amplitude and CSP duration can become uncoupled in different behavioral conditions with a constant stimulus intensity and similar background EMG levels (Tinazzi et al., 2003). Therefore, the possible association between CSP duration and MEP Thalidomide amplitude should not have confounded the current study because the stimulus intensity was constant, background EMG was similar, and the behavioral state was different between experimental conditions. Accordingly, Spearman’s rank correlation indicated that the two variables were statistically independent for each of the four experimental conditions. The amount of surround inhibition that can be observed depends on several features of the motor task. Specifically, surround inhibition is greater in the dominant (right) hand (Shin et al., 2009), is more pronounced at lower force levels (Beck et al., 2009b), scales with task difficulty (Beck & Hallett, 2010), and is confined to the initiation phase of movement (Sohn & Hallett, 2004b; Beck et al., 2009b; Beck & Hallett, 2011).