1 mM sodium citrate, pH 6.0 at rt. PCMCs without CaP and loaded simultaneously with DT and CyaA* released DT almost instantaneously whilst the 6% and 20% CaP PCMCs displayed progressively delayed antigen release ( Fig. 1D). Similar results were obtained for all antigens and combinations tested, indicating that the phenomenon was not antigen-specific (not shown). BSA-FITC release from PCMCs suspended in PBS at 37 °C was investigated as a more physiologically relevant model. BSA-FITC release from PCMCs without CaP was extremely rapid but was significantly slower with CaP PCMCs ( Fig.

1E). Subcutaneous injection of mice with PCMCs loaded with DT in the absence of CaP induced significantly higher anti-DT IgG titres than the equivalent soluble antigen at both 28 d and 42 d (Fig. 2). Similar effects were seen with the other antigens indicating that this response was not antigen-specific (data not shown). Whilst this website Navitoclax formulation into PCMCs

enhanced the immune response to DT, it was likely that surface modification with CaP would further enhance antigen-specific IgG titres. Mice were immunised with 0%, 6% or 20% CaP PCMCs loaded with DT, DT + CyaA* or BSA. CaP PCMCs enhanced the antigen-specific IgG response to DT and BSA at 28 d and 42 d post-immunisation (Fig. 3). For PCMCs loaded with DT alone, CaP modification increased serum anti-DT IgG titres prior to boosting (Fig. 3A) but the effect was more pronounced after boosting (Fig. 3B). Inclusion of CyaA* did not alter the adjuvant effect the of CaP on the anti-DT IgG response at 28 d (Fig. 3C) and 42 d (Fig. 3D). The adjuvant activity of CaP was not confined to DT, as CaP PCMCs also promoted an increase in anti-BSA IgG titres at 28 d (Fig. 3E) and 42 d (Fig. 3F). Serum antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2a titres were determined in order to assess whether CaP modification altered the Th1/Th2 bias. In mice, a decreased IgG1:IgG2a ratio is associated with a Th1-biased immune response [29]. Adsorption of DT to Al(OH)3 resulted in a high IgG1 response (Fig. 4A) and

a high anti-DT IgG1:IgG2a ratio (Fig. 4C) compared to soluble antigen or PCMC formulations. Increasing CaP loading increased both the anti-DT IgG1 and IgG2a titres (Fig. 4A and B) but the overall effect was to decrease the anti-DT IgG1:IgG2a ratio (Fig. 4C). Modification with CaP significantly increased the anti-BSA IgG1 and IgG2a titres (Fig. 4D and E) but decreased the anti-BSA IgG1:IgG2a ratio compared to soluble (0% CaP) PCMC formulations (Fig. 4F). The results above demonstrated that CaP modification had an adjuvant effect on PCMC-induced antigen responses in vivo, although increasing the CaP loading from 6 to 20% did not have a significantly consistent dose-dependent effect. To investigate this further, mice were immunised with a single dose of 0%, 6%, 12% or 20% CaP PCMCs loaded with 6 μg/dose each of DT and CyaA* and the kinetics of the serum antigen-specific IgG responses determined up to 84 d post-immunisation.