62 Thus, this procedure is no longer used. The noninvasive measurement of variceal pressure by an endoscopic gauge has been shown to be well correlated

with results obtained by direct variceal puncture.63 The results have shown that noninvasive measurement has low interobserver variability and good reproducibility in the same patient under placebo conditions at 6 weeks to 1 year.64 Variceal pressure is elevated in patients with cirrhosis but is lower than the portal pressure measured by the HVPG, and variceal pressure is not significantly correlated with the HVPG in patients with cirrhosis.63 Moreover, hemodynamic changes induced by pharmacological treatment are not correlated with changes in variceal pressure.65 However, the level of variceal pressure is a major predictive factor for the risk Acalabrutinib of a first variceal hemorrhage.66 In practice, this noninvasive technique has been used only in certain prospective studies. Finally, the investigators who developed the measurement of liver stiffness by magnetic resonance elastography studied the diagnosis of spleen stiffness (measured by MRI) for the detection of esophageal varices. Specificity was high in a pilot study and was better than the specificity of liver stiffness

evaluated with the same technique.67 However, its place as a screening tool must be investigated because this technique is available in only a few centers. Some of the clinical consequences of portal hypertension are MG-132 price the development of portal and splanchnic vein enlargement and portosystemic collateral circulation and a reduction of the respiratory variation of the diameters of these vessels and changes in blood flows. Most of these abnormalities can be visualized with the noninvasive technique known as ultrasound color duplex Doppler. This method is, however, operator-dependent with high interobserver and intraobserver variability.

Other imaging techniques, such as CT (including the helical mode) and MRI, provide excellent visualization selleck compound of portal and splanchnic venous structures, particularly for the detection of portosystemic collaterals. They can be used to confirm an unclear diagnosis after an ultrasound examination. Although the enlargement of the portal vein is a radiological sign of portal hypertension, studies have shown that with vessel diameters greater than 13 or 15 mm, the sensitivity of this sign is low.68 Similar results were observed with superior and splenic veins in a large series of patients with cirrhosis.69 The best discriminant finding for all these vessels was the reduction of expiration diameter measurements. The diameter of the portal vein was not correlated with the degree of portal hypertension.19 Similar results were found with superior mesenteric and splenic veins.