Commercially available LAIV was supplied each year by MedImmune, and commercially available TIV was purchased by KP as part of routine practice. Each annual formulation of the vaccines contained the strains recommended for inclusion by the US Public Health Service. Subjects were screened for underlying medical conditions and provided the appropriate vaccine based on the eligibility criteria in each vaccine’s package insert, physician discretion, and patient choice. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the KP Institutional Review Board. The study’s objective was to assess the safety of LAIV, by comparing the rates of medically attended events (MAEs)

in LAIV recipients, including all MAEs by diagnosis and specifically PDGFR inhibitor serious INCB018424 adverse events (SAEs), anaphylaxis, urticaria, asthma, wheezing, prespecified diagnoses of interest, and rare events potentially related to wild-type influenza, to the rates in 3 nonrandomized control groups. Through KP immunization registries, approximately 40,000 individuals 5–17 years of age who were immunized with LAIV as part of routine clinical practice were identified from the 2003–2004 through the 2007–2008 influenza seasons. The population included approximately 20,000 individuals in each of 2 age groups;

5–8 years and 9–17 years. Subjects from 5 to 8 years of age may have received 1 or 2 doses of LAIV in accordance with influenza vaccination recommendations whereas subjects ≥9 years of age were expected to receive only 1 dose. Study subjects with high-risk underlying medical conditions such as cancer, organ transplantation, diabetes, endocrine and metabolic disorders, blood

disorders, liver disorders, kidney disorders Rolziracetam and cardiopulmonary disorders (for whom LAIV was not recommended) were identified via automated extraction of healthcare databases and were excluded from analysis in all cohorts. Three nonrandomized control groups were identified for comparison: a within-cohort (i.e., self-control) control, matched concurrent unvaccinated controls, and matched concurrent TIV recipient controls. For the within-cohort analysis, LAIV recipients served as their own controls based on the observation time after vaccination. Risk intervals of 3 and 21 days postvaccination were compared with control intervals from 4 to 42 days postvaccination (for the 3-day risk interval) and 22 to 42 days postvaccination (for a 0- to 21-day risk interval). Unvaccinated controls were selected from the pool of individuals who were members of KP during the same month that the reference LAIV recipient was vaccinated and included those who did not receive TIV or LAIV. For the unvaccinated population, the effective vaccination date was the date on which the matched LAIV recipient was vaccinated.