The surgical procedure and VSD staining in behaving

monkeys have been reported elsewhere (Arieli et al., 2002; Shoham et al., 1999; Shtoyerman et al., 2000; Slovin et al., 2002). We stained the cortex with VSD and used a sampling http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Neratinib(HKI-272).html rate of 10 ms/frame with a spatial resolution of 10,000 pixels. Each pixel (1702 μm2) summed the population activity of ∼500 neurons (0.17 × 0.17 × 0.4 × 40,000 cells/mm3). Data analysis was performed on 30 and 22 recording sessions from two hemispheres in monkeys L and S, respectively. The ROC analysis on single trials was done on sessions with high enough signal-to-noise-ratio. We set an SD threshold across trials (SD was set to be smaller than 30% of the mean population response in the late phase), which resulted in 10 and 15 imaging sessions for monkeys S and L, respectively. Contour saliency recordings were done on an additional nine and five recording sessions for monkeys L and S, respectively. The basic analysis of the VSDI signal is detailed elsewhere (Ayzenshtat et al., 2010; Slovin

et al., 2002). Briefly, this consisted of choosing pixels with threshold fluorescence, then normalizing each pixel in FG-4592 in vivo every trial to its baseline fluorescence level, and, finally, subtracting the average fixation-alone (blank) condition to remove the heartbeat artifact. This basic analysis removes in an unbiased manner most of the slow fluctuations originating from heartbeat artifact or dye bleaching within a

trial (for review, see Grinvald et al., 1999). These steps are schematically illustrated and explained in Ayzenshtat et al. (2010), Figure S12. VSDI maps were low-pass-filtered with a 2D Gaussian filter (sigma = 1 or 1.5 pixels) for visualization purposes only. To retinotopically map individual Gabor elements onto the V1 imaged area, we performed a separate set of experiments, where the monkeys were passively fixating and briefly presented on different trials with one to two Gabor elements comprising parts of the circle or background (Figure 1C). The different VSDI activation Rolziracetam maps are depicted in Figure 1C. We then manually fitted a 2D Gaussian separately for each activation patch (Meirovithz et al., 2010). Figure 1D shows that this one to two Gabor spatial mapping fitted well with the activation patches evoked by the Gabor array stimulus (contour stimulus). To study neural interactions between the circle and background parts of the stimulus, we defined two ROIs (Figure 1D): (1) a circle area (C) was defined by contouring the area in V1 that was activated by the circle elements (C1–C3) and (2) a background area (Bg) was defined by contouring the area in V1 that was activated by the background elements (Bg1–Bg3). The circle and background areas were selected to have approximately similar pixel numbers and similar shape.