A multiscale approach was employed, combining tensile shear strength measurements, optical microscopy, and adhesion measurements at the nanoscale using atomic force microscopy. Tensile shear strength measurements were performed on beech wood substrates bonded with either dispersions of soy protein isolate or wheat gluten to investigate bond strength and water resistance. The results reveal a significant difference in
bond strength between the plant proteins. Soy protein isolate is superior to wheat gluten, especially regarding this website water resistance, both under acidic and alkaline conditions. Cross sections of the wood substrates were examined by optical microscopy to study protein penetration and bond line thickness. The results indicate that a proper bond can be obtained using lower amount of soy protein isolate than wheat gluten. Atomic force microscopy in colloidal probe mode was used to investigate nanoscale adhesion between cellulose and solvent cast protein films. The results show that adhesion between the plant proteins and the wood component is important for the bonding performance. Further, it is shown that the results from atomic force microscopy and tensile shear strength measurements display the same trend demonstrating that
the bonding Apoptosis inhibitor properties translates well spanning regimes from the macro- to the nanoscale. The presented multiscale approach is shown to have great potential and may be used in the future to predict properties at different length Sapanisertib chemical structure scales in the design and formulation of new bioadhesives. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Epigenetic mechanisms regulate the interaction between the genome and the environment and have been implicated in the etiology of various brain diseases. One
type of epigenetic modification, histone acetylation, is dynamically altered during memory formation. Histone acetylation is regulated by the activities of histone deacetylase (HDAC) and histone acetyltransferase enzymes. The use of HDAC inhibitors has emerged as a promising new strategy for the therapeutic intervention of neurodegenerative disease. We used a combination of pharmacological and mouse genetic approaches that allowed us to identify HDAC2 as a specific negative regulator of synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Our results suggest that HDAC inhibitors enhance cognitive function by inhibiting HDAC2, which renders HDAC2 target genes more accessible to transcriptional activators and coactivators recruited by neuronal activity stimulation. The data presented at the 2011 Barcelona ADPD Conference delineate a novel and important role for HDAC2 activity in the cognitive impairments associated with neurodegenerative disease. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Milia en plaque (MEP) is an uncommon finding characterized by numerous tiny milia within an erythematous area.