A/WSN infectivity was titrated in a focus-forming assay using MDCK cells in 96-well plates in triplicate. Cells were incubated at 33 °C for 18 h, fixed in 4% (v/v) formaldehyde, and blocked with 5% (w/v) milk powder in PBS. Virus-positive cells were detected using a mouse monoclonal antibody specific for the A/WSN haemagglutinin, and a goat anti-mouse IgG–alkaline phosphatase conjugate (Sigma), both in buffered saline containing 0.1%

(v/v) Tween, and finally incubated with an alkaline phosphatase substrate (NBT/BCIP in TMN buffer; Sigma). find more At least 50 stained cells (foci) at an appropriate dilution were counted in each of three wells and averaged to give a titre in focus-forming units (FFU)/lung. Before examining SCID mice we tested the infection parameters of A/WSN in the immune competent Balb/c strain from which they had been derived. Mice inoculated simultaneously with 1.2 μg of active DI virus and infected with A/WSN were either completely protected or suffered only a mild clinical disease of short duration

with slight weight loss (Fig. 1a and b). In contrast mice inoculated simultaneously with the same amount of inactivated DI virus and A/WSN lost 19% of body weight at the peak of infection (Fig. 1a); all became seriously ill but then recovered (Fig. IPI-145 mouse 1b). After recovery mice in all groups remained healthy and continued to gain weight with no untoward signs for the duration of the experiment (19 days). Such mice were immune to rechallenge with high dose A/WSN [18] (data not shown). There was essentially no difference in disease progression between mice inoculated intranasally with A/WSN and mice inoculated with inactivated DI virus + A/WSN (data not shown). SCID mice infected with A/WSN succumbed to a disease similar to that seen Oxygenase in immune-competent Balb/c mice as judged by clinical signs and weight loss from day 3 after infection, progressing to death or to the point at which they had to be euthanized (Fig. 1c and d). The dynamics of disease were very similar in SCID mice inoculated intranasally with 1.2 μg (Fig. 1c and d) or 12 μg (Fig. 1e and f) of inactivated

DI virus + A/WSN. However, mice inoculated with active DI virus + A/WSN remained healthy over this period, showing no clinical signs of disease or weight loss. These data demonstrate that the active DI virus can protect SCID mice against acute disease and that the adaptive immune response plays no significant role over the first few days of the infection. SCID mice which had been protected from influenza by treatment with 1.2 μg of active DI virus all remained well for 9 days, but on day 10 some started to lose weight and show signs of disease (Fig. 1c and d). The mice developed severe respiratory symptoms and continued weight loss and progressed to death or euthanasia (Fig. 1c and d). SCID mice treated with a higher DI dose (12 μg) remained well for 14 days, but started to lose weight and become ill on day 15 (Fig. 1e and f).