c-rel(-/-) mice displayed significant deficits in freezing behavi

c-rel(-/-) mice displayed significant deficits in freezing behavior 24 h after

training for contextual fear conditioning but showed normal freezing behavior in cued fear conditioning and in short-term contextual fear conditioning. In a novel object recognition test, wild-type littermate mice exhibited a significant preference for a novel object, but c-rel(-/-) mice did not. These results indicate that c-rel(-/-) RepSox in vitro mice have impaired hippocampus-dependent memory formation. To investigate the role of c-Rel in long-term synaptic plasticity, baseline synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) at Schaffer collateral synapses in c-rel(-/-) mice was assessed. c-rel(-/-) slices had normal baseline synaptic transmission but exhibited significantly less LTP than did wild-type littermate slices. Together, our results demonstrate that c-Rel is necessary for long-term synaptic potentiation in vitro and hippocampus-dependent memory formation in vivo.”
“Aims:

To evaluate the effect of the extrusion-cooking process with the addition of different acids concentration on the stability of B-aflatoxins in sorghum.

Methods and Results: Experimental units (EU) of sorghum flour contaminated with B-aflatoxins (140 ppb) were extrusion cooked with aqueous lactic or citric acid at six different concentrations. The effects of the two extrusion variables (moisture content and acid concentration) were analysed as a completely randomized factorial selleck chemicals llc ADAM7 3 x 6 design. Under some conditions, the aflatoxin reduction is more effective when using aqueous citric acid (up to 92%), than when using aqueous lactic acid (up to 67%).

Conclusions: With citric acid, some extrusion treatments produced higher aflatoxin degradation

rates, than those produced with lactic acid.

Significance and Impact of the Study: Aflatoxin contamination is a great risk both for human as well as for animal health in underdeveloped countries; consequently, practical and economical detoxification procedures are needed that eliminate or at least minimize the aflatoxin risk, through lowering aflatoxin concentrations in grains. Under these considerations, extrusion process can be used for reduction in the aflatoxin content in contaminated grains.”
“Aims To compare three methods for DNA extraction from Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium.

Methods and Results: The DNA was extracted from mycobacterial cultures using enzymatic extraction, combined bead beating and enzymatic extraction and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction. The yield and quality of DNA were compared by spectrophotometry, agarose gel electrophoresis, restriction endonuclease analysis and PCR. The combined bead beating and enzymatic extraction method yielded more DNA. However, that method produced some sheared DNA, visible either by agarose gel electrophoresis or by restriction endonuclease analysis.

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