Capillary blood was sampled every ten minutes during the ingestion period. At the end of this period, a pre-exercise venous blood sample was again obtained immediately prior to the onset of exercise. The participants then commenced on a 60-minute self-paced (SP) cycling

bout (Wattbike, Wattbike Ltd, Nottingham, UK). Although self-paced, the participants were encouraged to cover as much ground as possible in the 60-minute period (with a monetary incentive for the participant who covered the greatest cumulative distance over the four RAD001 clinical trial trials). The self-paced protocol was selleck administered to provide ecological validity to the blood glucose and insulin responses during exercise, attempting to reflect the average energy expenditure during a moderate to difficult workout [5]. All participants were blinded to the distance covered, but given verbal cues as to the time completed. Average power

(W) during the 60-minute ride and total distance covered (km) were recorded to assess performance efforts between trials. At 15-minute intervals throughout the trial, subjects were required DZNeP price to consume 4 ml·kg-1BW of their prescribed drink over a 5-minute period (total carbohydrate (CHO) consumed during the trial conditions including CHO was 104.4 ± 11.3 g). Metabolic data was continuously measured and averaged in ten-minute intervals during exercise, with the exception of the drink intervals and venous blood draws, to provide an estimation of the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) via open circuit spirometry (OxyCon Pro, Jaegger, Hoechberg,

Germany). Capillary samples were obtained Niclosamide during the venous sampling periods, while heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE; [6]) were measured at 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. Venous blood was also sampled at 30 minutes and immediately following termination of the ride (60 minutes). Statistical analysis All data are presented as mean ± SD. All data was assessed for normal distribution, homogeneity of variance, and independence of errors. Blood glucose and insulin was analyzed during resting conditions using a two-way (condition x time) repeated measures (RM) ANOVA design. Additionally, area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for blood glucose during the resting condition. The RM ANOVA was again employed on all data collected during the exercise period (blood, metabolic, cardiovascular and subjective data). All performance data was assessed using a one-way repeated measures ANOVA. Statistical analysis was done using Statistica Software (Tulsa, OK) and GraphPad Prism 3.0 (San Diego, CA). Post-hoc analysis was conducted for all significant interactions using Tukey’s HSD (p < 0.05). Results Pre-exercise There was a significant interaction effect for blood glucose (p < 0.001), where both the C (5.7 ± 0.7 mmol·L-1) and CA (5.7 ± 0.4 mmol·L-1) trials resulted in higher resting BG values after 10 min post ingestion compared to W (3.9 ± 0.4 mmol·L-1) and A (4.2 ± 0.2 mmol·L-1) conditions (Figure 1).