Choi et al. used a simplified model of the TP53 signaling network to map combinatorial

network perturbations to cellular outcome [ 28••]. They then used this model to explore how fixing the activation of specific molecules constrained the cellular behaviors available and what parts of the network could be targeted with therapeutics to force the apoptotic state. MS-275 in vitro Relatedly, Doncic and Skotheim recently found that a simple three-gene motif embedded within a more complex network structure was sufficient to explain yeast cellular state decisions in response to mating pheromone, suggesting that it may not be necessary to model the full complexity of biological networks to capture molecular determinants of cellular behaviors [ 29••]. selleck chemicals llc In addition to the effects on individual edges in the network, downstream processes in the cell may be rewired to maintain homeostasis in the face of perturbations [30]. Intriguingly, Lee et al. showed that deliberate perturbation of networks to achieve specific rewiring could serve as a therapeutic strategy in cancer [ 31••]. Triple negative breast cancer cells exposed to an EGFR inhibitor before chemotherapy showed increased sensitivity to genotoxic therapy. The timing of exposure to EGFR inhibitor greatly influenced sensitivity to subsequent chemotherapy

suggesting that temporal dynamics of network rewiring are a determinant of cellular response to environment. In studies of inherited disease, causal mutations dipyridamole are often buried in a list of candidate variants uncovered by sequencing of risk loci or disease exomes [32], and in cancers, the majority of detected somatic mutations are thought to be neutral ‘passenger’ events [33 and 34]. It has also been suggested that most post-translational modifications may not affect protein activity [35]. Information about protein sequence and structure provides important clues for discriminating effects of distinct alterations to proteins [21, 22 and 23]. Thus integrated approaches combining protein sequence and structural information with networks may provide

a powerful framework for identifying disease mutations and reasoning about their molecular mechanisms. The biophysical mechanisms by which mutations alter protein interactions are diverse and are usually not captured in the abstractions provided by simple interaction networks [36 and 37]. Mutations altering protein conformation or binding affinity can contribute to disease phenotype without removing network edges [38, 39 and 40]. Furthermore, highly connected proteins in the network are unlikely to interact with all partners simultaneously, as interaction interfaces often overlap [41 and 42]. Network representations that capture mutual exclusivity of binding may be helpful for predicting the functional consequences of mutations [37, 42 and 43].