Computed Tomographic Angiography Multi-detector CTA gives high definition image quality quickly. Present multi-detector line scanners obtain around 250 simultaneous interweaving PFT helices. Computed tomographic angiography has several advantages over traditional angiography, including volumetric acquisition, which permits visualization of the structure from multiple perspectives and in multiple planes after a single acquisition, improved visualization of soft tissues and other adjacent anatomic structures, and less invasiveness and thus fewer complications. It also has several advantages over MRA, including greater spatial resolution, lack of flowrelated phenomena that will distort MRA images, and the ability to see calcification and metallic implants for example endovascular stents or stent grafts. The sensitivities and specificities are greater than 95% for identifying stenosis of greater than 50% and for correctly identifying occlusions. The main drawbacks of CTA weighed against MRA are experience of ionizing radiation and the requirement to use an iodinated contrast agent. Digital Subtraction Eumycetoma Angiography Vascular imaging with ultrasonography, CTA, and MRA has replaced catheter based methods in the initial diagnostic evaluation of patients in most circumstances. Despite a paradigm shift away from catheter centered angiography as a purely diagnostic strategy, its importance in treatment has increased dramatically. The major benefit of digital subtraction angiography is the capability to precisely Dasatinib solubility assess specific vessels, obtain physiologic information such as pressure gradients, and picture the layers of the blood vessel wall with intravascular ultrasonography and as a system for percutaneous intervention. Contact with ionizing radiation, usage of iodinated contrast agents, and risks related to vascular access and catheterization are limitations with this technique. Table 34 summarizes the benefits, constraints, and differences of the different tests used to diagnose and follow up patients with PAD. TREATMENT The 2 major treatment targets in patients with PAD are to diminish cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and to improve limb related symptoms and quality of life. Lowering Cardiovas cular Morbidity and Mortality Aggressively managing risk facets such as tobacco use, high lipid levels, and hypertension is an essential component in lowering cardiovascular risk. Smoking Cessation. It’s been clearly shown that people who successfully quit smoking have reduced rates of PAD development, critical limb ischemia, amputation, MI, and stroke, along with increased long haul survival. Although the details of an effective smoking cessation program are beyond the scope of this short article, it is important to convey to the patient that discontinuation of smoking is extremely important to maintenance of the limb, overall wellness, and survival.