For example, Hoffman et al. Torin 1 supplier had resistance trained football players consume either 2 or 1.24 g/kg/day protein during 12 wk resistance training. Maximum squat strength increases were significantly greater (23.5 kg) in the higher protein group versus controls (9.1 kg) [7]. Cribb et al. had resistance trained men consume 3.15 g/kg/day or 1.65 g/kg/day protein during an 11 wk resistance training program. The higher intake was achieved via whey protein isolate supplementation and this group gained significantly greater strength and myofibrillar

protein in the quadriceps than control [4]. Whey and soy protein supplementation was also used by Candow et al. to bring two groups of participants to a daily intake of ~3 g/kg/day versus 1.7 g/kg/day in controls. After six wk resistance training, the lean mass gains of 2.5 and 1.7 kg in the whey and soy groups were significantly greater than the 0.3 kg gain in controls. Squat and bench press strength increased ~25 and 8 kg respectively in the higher protein groups which was significantly greater than the control gains of ~14 and 4 kg [2]. Similarly, resistance trained participants in a study by Burke et al. achieved a 3.3 g/kg/day protein intake via whey protein supplementation compared to 1.2 g/kg/day in controls. During six wk of resistance training this led to a 2.3 kg gain in lean body mass along with a 16.5 Nm gain in isokinetic knee extension peak torque.

Both results were statistically significant while the gains of 0.9 kg and 11.6 Nm of the same measures in the control group were not significant 6-phosphogluconolactonase Small molecule library [1]. On the other hand, the mean g/kg/day protein intake in the higher protein groups in six studies showing no additional muscular benefits of higher protein (Figure 2)

was only 10.2% greater than controls on average. Figure 2 Spreads in protein consumption between higher and lower protein groups in protein spread analysis. Spread Benefit = those studies in which the higher protein group experienced greater muscular benefits than controls during the intervention; Spread No > Benefit = those studies in which the higher protein group experienced no greater muscular benefits than controls during the intervention. Table 2 Percent spread in protein intake between groups in studies included in protein spread theory analysis Benefit No > benefit than control Study % Spread (g/kg/day) Study % Spread (g/kg/day) Burke, 2004 [1] 175 Candow, 2006 [23] 5.8 Candow, 2006 [2] 75 Eliot, 2008 [22] 19.7 Consolazio, 1975 [3] 98.6 Kukuljan, 2009 [20] 6.5 Cribb, 2007 [4] 90.9 Mielke, 2009 [25] 13.8 Demling, 2000 [5] 72.6 Rankin, 2004 [19] 8.3 Hartman, 2007 [6] 9.1 Verdijk, 2009 [18] 0 Hoffman, 2007 [7] 61.3 White, 2009 [24] 17.1 Hulmi, 2009 [8] 14     Kerksick, 2006 [9] 48.7     Willoughby, 2011 [10] 16.3     Average % Spread (g/kg): 66.1 Average % Spread (g/kg): 10.2 Protein change theory Not all studies reported baseline dietary intake.