g., intraclass correlation of .88, p < .001, across four similar sessions in Perkins et al., 2011). These six puffs were taken most via computerized instructions on puff number and timing to standardize smoke exposure between sessions (see Perkins et al., 2008). After continuing mood induction an additional 4 min, NA was again assessed to determine responses to this standard amount of smoke exposure (postinduction 2, or PI2). Subjects were then given five of their preferred brand of cigarettes (to make sure they did not run out) and allowed to smoke ad libitum over the last 14 min of the mood induction procedure. Smoking behavior (volume of puff inhalation in ml, puff number) during this period was the measure of smoke intake. NA was assessed a final time at the end of this ad lib smoking period, ending the session (post-ad lib, or PAL).

This study was approved by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board. Data Analyses Repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) first determined NA in response to negative versus neutral mood induction to verify that the mood induction manipulation produced the intended within-subjects difference in NA for men and for women. Similar analyses were conducted for effects of cigarette liking (reward) in response to the six standard puffs (at PI2), and for ad libitum smoking intake (puff volume and number; at PAL), all during mood induction. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) were then used to assess the association of distress tolerance measures with NA, smoking reward, or smoking intake due to mood induction, with the scores for each distress tolerance measure as a continuous factor, and FTND as a covariate.

For all analyses, we examined main and interaction effects involving sex, with least-significant difference t tests or other follow-ups performed where appropriate (Huitema, 1980). (For ease of display purposes only, graphs in Figure 2 are presented separately by ��high�� and ��low�� scores on DTS, determined by median split separately by sex. As noted, however, all formal data analyses examined the influence of each distress tolerance measure as a continuous variable, and not as a dichotomous split.) Figure 2. Negative affect (NA) and smoking intake (puff volume) of men and women in response to negative versus neutral mood induction, by higher versus lower self-reported distress tolerance score (DTS).

The main effect of DTS was significant for NA but not other … Results NA, smoking reward, and smoking intake are presented in Figure 1 by negative versus neutral mood induction, separately for men and women. Induction of negative mood was clearly demonstrated by the greater NA responses to the negative (vs. neutral) mood condition, F(1, 159) AV-951 = 65.00, p < .001, for the Mood �� Time interaction. Subjects did not differ in NA at BL, prior to negative and neutral mood induction (M �� SE of 15.3 �� 1.2 vs. 17.1 �� 1.