However, there are divergent views on the expression and function of HIF in primary human monocytes. Neither selleck chem Cabozantinib HIF 1a, HIF 2a nor HIF 3a were found by Elbarghati et al. in primary monocytes after incubation under hypoxia for 24 h. The authors suspected that the a subunit of HIF is not expressed, because the peripheral blood as a place of residence of circulating monocytes is characterized physiologically by a high pO2. How ever, it should be noted, that monocytes have to adapt to lower oxygen levels immediately once they start the pro cess of being attracted to the vessels wall, migrating into the inflamed tissue and starting to differentiate into macrophages. CXCR4 transcript levels have been shown to increase in monocytes facing hypoxia, which suggests HIF is crucially involved in regulating the trafficking.

Furthermore, in myeloid Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries cell lines like THP 1 cells incu bated under hypoxia, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries HIF 1a was detectable. There have also been reports that nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells, a transcrip tion factor also regulated by hypoxia, is involved in the adaptation of primary human monocytes to hypoxia. Here we have examined how human monocytes adapt to hypoxic conditions during their differentiation into macrophages. We focused on the analysis of expression and function of HIF 1, but also considered alternative pathways involving NFB. Materials and methods Antibodies Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and reagents PMA, macrophage colony stimulating factor 1, and G 6976 were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Che mie GmbH, ImmunoTools, Merck KgaA.

For toll like receptor stimulation, hTLR ligand Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Set II was bought from Apotech. For immunoblotting, mouse monoclonal anti HIF 1a anti body was bought from BD Transduction Laboratories, mouse anti b actin antibody was purchased Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries from Sigma Aldrich, goat polyclonal anti HIF 2a, goat polyclonal anti Lamin B and mouse anti Jun B antibody were bought from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, mouse monoclonal anti NFB p100 p52, anti NFB p105 p50, anti NFB p65, anti c Rel, anti c Fos, anti c Jun anti body were bought from Cell Signaling, anti mouse IgG HRP and anti goat IgG HRP were bought from Promega. Monocyte isolation, culture and macrophage differentiation Human peripheral blood was obtained from healthy donors. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these buffy coats were then immediately isolated by density gradient centrifugation using Ficoll Paque Plus techni que. To ensure a stable experimental setup and comparable starting conditions, CD14 monocytes were enriched up to 99% purity and 95% viability selleck inhibitor by MACS using anti human CD14 conjugated magnetic beads and then immediately used for the experiments.