In consideration of implementing the sensor in robot hands, when the contact region is small, the grasped object can be easily rotated because the feasible contact moment is also small. In order to avoid the risk that the sensor surface tears or a grasped object collapses, and to enhance a grasping task’s stability with a sufficiently large contact area, it is necessary to evaluate the contact pressure based on the contact region.Among many sensors to sense contact forces, some sensors to measure force pressure distribution may detect the contact region based on the distribution [16�C19]. In ideal situations, the force pressure becomes zero outside the contact region and does not become zero in the contact region. However, this assumption is violated by the stiffness of the elastic body.

Moreover, in order to measure the pressure distribution, the sensors requires many arrayed sensing elements and wiring as described in above sentences. Some sensors have been proposed for obtaining the contact region directly. A sensor using regularly-arrayed cantilevers has been developed for estimating the contact region of objects from the deformation of the cantilevers in the elastic body [21]. However, this sensor also requires many arrayed sensing elements and the measurement error depends on the direction and position of the cantilevers. A large error can be caused when the cantilevers is far away from the contacted object. A finger-shaped tactile sensor based on optical phenomena has been developed for detecting the contact location [22].

The light travels from optical fibers into a hemispherical optical waveguide in the elastic sensor surface. When the sensor surface contacts the internal Carfilzomib optical waveguide due to the contact between the sensor surface and the objects, light is reflected in the contact region. A position sensitive detector (PSD) receives the reflected light and thus the contact region is detected from the signals of the PSD. However, the surfaces of these sensors cannot fit with in the objects geometrically because the surfaces has elasticity but the inside optical waveguide is not deformed. Therefore, large contact region cannot be generated and that leads unstable contact.We have proposed a vision-based tactile sensor that can sense multiple types of tactile information simultaneously including the slippage [23,24], contact region [25], shape [26], multi-axis contact force [27], position [25] and orientation [25] of an object. We have applied this sensor to prevent the object from slipping [28]. The sensor consists of a CCD camera, light-emitting diode (LED) lights and a hemispherical elastic touchpad for contacting the object.