It was therefore LDK378 solubility dmso expected that Treg cells pre-incubated with RBV could not induce the conversion of CD4+ CD25− FOXP3− T cells into CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ T cells. To confirm this hypothesis, we compared FOXP3 expression in CD4+ CD25− T cells stimulated with either CD4+ CD25+ CD127− T cells or those pre-incubated with RBV. FOXP3 was rarely expressed in CD4+ CD25− T cells when they were stimulated alone (Fig. 3a, upper left), and RBV had little effect on the expression of FOXP3 in either CD4+ CD25− (Fig. 3a, upper right) or CD4+ CD25+ CD127− T cells (Fig. 3a, centre right and left) after stimulation. CD25+ FOXP3+ cells increased when CD4+ CD25− T cells

were stimulated with CD4+ CD25+ CD127− T cells (Fig. 3a, lower left). Surprisingly, these double-positive cells were markedly decreased when CD4+ CD25− T cells were stimulated with CD4+ CD25+ CD127− T cells pre-incubated with RBV (Fig. 3a, lower right). Mean numbers of CD25+ FOXP3+ cells were markedly reduced when CD4+ CD25− T cells were incubated with RBV-pre-incubated CD4+ CD25+ CD127− T cells, and the inhibition rate was 54·394 ± 11·975% (Fig. 3b). To confirm whether CD4+ CD25− T cells are activated or remain at rest in the presence of RBV, we also analysed the relationship between down-modulation

of FOXP3 and the expression of the two HIF inhibitor CD45 isoforms CD45RA and CD45RO. Although the percentage of FOXP3+ CD45RO+ T cells was increased when CD4+ CD25− T cells were incubated with CD4+ CD25+ CD127− T cells, it was markedly decreased when CD4+ CD25− T cells were incubated with RBV-pre-incubated CD4+ CD25+ CD127− Megestrol Acetate T cells without any decrease in the

total counts of CD45RO+ cells (Fig. 3c). To confirm the inhibitory activity of CD4+ CD25− T cells incubated with CD4+ CD25+ CD127− T cells pre-incubated with 0 or 500 ng/ml of RBV, whole cells including CD4+ CD25− and CD4+ CD25+ CD127− T cells or those pre-incubated with RBV after a 7-day stimulation were mixed with freshly isolated CD4+ CD25− T cells and re-stimulated for 7 days with 0·05 μg/μl of anti-human CD3 mAb in the presence of irradiated allogeneic PBMCs. The cell viability rate of the collected cells after a 7-day incubation were 80–90%. Percentages of CD25+ CD127− T cells in these two cultures were markedly low (Fig. 4a, two left panels) and those of CD25+ FOXP3+ T cells did not change when CD25+ CD127− T cells were pre-treated with RBV (Fig. 4a, two right panels). The thymidine incorporation assay indicated that CD4+ CD25− T cells incubated with RBV-pulsed or unpulsed CD4+ CD25+ CD127− T cells inhibited the freshly isolated CD4+ CD25− T cells (Fig. 4b). Because human Treg cells exhibit inhibitory activity in a contact-dependent and contact-independent fashion, it was important to determine whether RBV inhibited either or both of these cell types.