L3-L4 had significantly greater motion than L2-L3 with left-right bending and left-right twisting movements (p < 0.05). The least motion occurred at L5-S1 for all movements; the motion at this level was significantly smaller than that at L3-L4 (p < 0.05). Range of motion during left-right bending and left-right twisting at L3-L4 was significantly larger in the degenerative disc disease group than in the Q-VD-Oph order normal group. The range of motion at L4-L5 was
significantly larger in the degenerative group than in the normal group during flexion; however, the ranges of motion in both groups were similar during left-to-right bending and left-to-right twisting.
Conclusions: The greatest range of motion in patients with discogenic back pain was observed at L3-L4; this motion was greater than that in normal subjects, suggesting that superior
adjacent levels developed segmental hypermobility prior to undergoing fusion. L5-S1 had the least motion, suggesting that segmental hypomobility ensues at this level in patients with discogenic low back pain.
Clinical Relevance: These data may be used to study find more the effects of spinal arthrodesis and to further define the mechanical component of adjacent-segment degeneration.”
“Phyllodes tumor (PT) is a rare fibroepithelial tumor of the breast, and these tumors are subdivided into benign, borderline, and malignant tumors. The criteria for their histologic diagnosis have been relatively well-described. However, the cytologic diagnosis presents more difficulties and only a few cytologic studies concerned with their subclassification have been published. The objective of the current study is to describe the cytologic features of benign, borderline and malignant PTs in an attempt to distinguish one from the others. Cytohistologic correlation for 11 benign, 3 borderline and 3 malignant PTs was performed. For all these cases, the preoperative fine needle aspiration (FNA) findings
were available for learn more review. The features we examined were a necrotic background, cellularity, stromal tissue fragments, stromal pleomorphism and atypism, dissociated stromal cells and mitosis. The overall diagnostic accuracy of FNA for the PT grading was 88.2% (15/17). Two benign PTs were cytologically misinterpreted as “”atypical epithelial and stromal cells”" and “”highly suspicious for ductal carcinoma”". Nevertheless, the cytologic diagnosis and the grading of PTs on FNA were relatively reliable. Semiquantitative analysis for the cellular stromal tissue fragments, stromal pleomorphism and atypism, dissociated stromal cells and mitosis might be helpful for subclassifing PTs on FNA. In the case of encountering a markedly necrotic background, special concern about degenerative change such as infarction is needed.