Methods. Two identical female twins presented with a developmental spondylolisthesis. Pelvic parameters, lumbar lordosis Compound C and grade of spondylolisthesis were calculated on a lateral standing spine radiograph. MRI is performed to confirm a high dysplastic developmental spondylolisthesis. Blood sample of these four individuals were analyzed for the presence of a CDMP-1 mutation, a cartilage-specifi c member of the TGF-beta superfamily of secreted signaling molecules that plays a key role

in chondrogenesis, growth, and patterning of the developing vertebrate skeleton.

Results. PI, SS, PT, LL, and SI are significantly greater in all of these patients in comparison with the general population. Spinal MRI confirms a high dysplastic developmental spondylolisthesis in both twins. Mutation analysis selleck of the two coding exons of CDMP-1 did not reveal any mutation in all four individuals.

Conclusion. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a high dysplastic developmental spondylolisthesis

in identical twins. The presence of a high dysplastic developmental spondylolisthesis in two identical twins shows the convergence in etiology of different factors such as genetics, maturation, critical age, female sex, high pelvic incidence. Although we cannot confirm that CDMP-1 mutation plays a key role in the etiology of spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis, neither can we rule out that CDMP-1 problems may be an etiology for at least a subpopulation of patients. However, the presence of a developmental spondylolisthesis in two sets of identical twins still suggests a genetic susceptibility to spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis.”
“Background: Roux-en-Y

gastric bypass (RYGB) restricts food intake, and when the Roux limb is elongated to 150 cm, the procedure is believed to induce malabsorption.

Objective: Our objective was to measure total reduction in intestinal absorption of combustible energy after RYGB and the extent to which this was due to restriction of food intake LY2157299 order or malabsorption of ingested macronutrients.

Design: Long-limb RYGB was performed in 9 severely obese patients. Dietary intake and intestinal absorption of fat, protein, carbohydrate, and combustible energy were measured before and at 2 intervals after bypass. By using coefficients of absorption to measure absorptive function, equations were developed to calculate the daily gram and kilocalorie quantities of ingested macronutrients that were not absorbed because of malabsorption or restricted food intake.

Results: Coefficients of fat absorption were 92 +/- 1.3% before bypass, 72 +/- 5.5% 5 mo after bypass, and 68 +/- 8.7% 14 mo after bypass. There were no statistically significant effects of RYGB on protein or carbohydrate absorption coefficients, although protein coefficients decreased substantially in some patients.