Pdx1-Cre−mediated recombination appeared normal in fascin-deficient mice ( Supplementary Figure 4A), which showed a significant increase in survival ( Figure 2B). Fascin was expressed in KPC and absent from

FKPC tumors ( Figure 2C). Fascin null mice displayed similar end-point tumor histology and mass ( Figure 2D), with no significant difference in the number of undifferentiated or sarcomatoid lesions in the cohorts (not shown). KPC and FKPC GW3965 tumors showed identical proportions of cell proliferation and death ( Figure 2E and Supplementary Figure 4B). There was no detectable difference in recruitment of T cells (CD3), B cells (CD45R), macrophages (F4/80), or neutrophils (NIMP) between KPC and FKPC tumors ( Supplementary Figure 4C and D) or difference in platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule staining of vascularization ( Supplementary Figure 4E and F). Together, these data suggest that cell proliferation, cell death, and fascin-deficient microenvironment do not contribute significantly to

prolonged survival of FKPC mice. We next examined mice at earlier time points during PDAC onset and progression. No differences were found at 6 weeks (Figure 2F), but PF-01367338 clinical trial by 10 weeks, 6 of 9 KPC vs 1 of 9 FKPC mice showed tumors ( Figure 2F). By 15 weeks, 9 of 10 KPC vs 3 of 6 FKPC mice showed tumors and FKPC showed smaller tumors ( Figure 2F). Loss of fascin significantly delays onset of PDAC and reduces early PDAC tumor burden, a surprising effect that has not been described previously. During the development of PDAC, ductal cells undergo EMT.10 Fascin is principally expressed in neural and mesenchymal derivatives during mammalian embryonic development,23 and 24 DOK2 suggesting that fascin could be a potential EMT target. EMT involves 3 families of transcription factors, the snail, ZEB, and bHLH families.7 and 25 We generated 10 independent KPC mouse PDAC cell lines that showed heterogeneous expression of E-cadherin, fascin, and EMT transcription factors (Tfs)

(Figure 3A), while normal primary ductal epithelial cells did not detectably express fascin or EMT Tfs ( Supplementary Figure 5A and B). Co-expression of E-cadherin and EMT Tfs indicate that most of our PDAC cell lines were in an intermediate stage of EMT ( Figure 3A, Supplementary Figure 5C). 10 Fascin-deficient PDAC cells also showed a similar heterogeneous expression of E-cadherin, fascin, and EMT Tfs ( Supplementary Figure 5D). Slug, zeb1, and zeb2 were expressed in all of our PDAC cell lines, while twist and snail were expressed in a subset ( Figure 3A). Levels of fascin and slug correlated most closely ( Figure 3A and B). Fascin and slug expression also correlated in a dataset of 23 human pancreatic cancer cell lines 22 ( Supplementary Figure 5E).