Such diminished social vigilance may be an adaptive response to affiliative social interactions because it frees affentional resources for the pursuit of other goals. Finally, we predict that OT may mediate other behavioral consequences of social interactions, such as reduced predator vigilance, and argue that this is a rich avenue for future behavioral and neurobiological study.”
“BACKGROUND: Aqueous phase FischerTropsch (FT) effluents co-produced with hydrocarbons in the FT process contain various water-soluble oxygenates, e.g. carboxylic acids, HSP inhibitor alcohols. Purification of the FT aqueous phase is important from

the viewpoint of effective resource utilization and environmental stewardship. In this work, an aqueous-phase hydrodeoxygenation process was investigated for the degradation of FT aqueous phases.

RESULTS: The Ru/AC catalyst was determined to be the most active catalyst. The key parameters, i.e. temperature, pressure, weight hourly space velocity and Ru loading, were comprehensively optimized. Under optimal conditions, ca 98% of the oxygenates were converted to C-1 similar to C-6 alkanes. The degraded water had no odour, a neutral pH, and as low as 1000 mg L-1 chemical oxygen demand. The Ru/AC catalyst exhibited long-term stability ( 1300 h) and no ruthenium

leaching. A reaction pathway is proposed for this process in which the carboxylic acids are hydrogenated to alcohols via the formation of aldehydes. Alcohols and aldehydes are then converted to methane and HSP990 solubility dmso alkanes of one carbon atom less than the substrate through C-C bond cleavage.

CONCLUSIONS: This process is effective for treating FT aqueous phase effluent, and holds great

promise for industrial applications due to its high efficiency, simplicity and stability. (C) 2011 Society of Chemical Industry”
“With the accumulation of our knowledge about how memories are formed, consolidated, retrieved, and updated, neuroscience is now reaching a point where discrete memories can be identified and manipulated at rapid timescales. AZ 628 chemical structure Here, we start with historical studies that lead to the modern memory engram theory. Then, we will review recent advances in memory engram research that combine transgenic and optogenetic approaches to reveal the underlying neuronal substrates sufficient for activating mnemonic processes. We will focus on three concepts: (1) isolating memory engrams at the level of single cells to tag them for subsequent manipulation; (2) testing the sufficiency of these engrams for memory recall by artificially activating them; and (3) presenting new stimuli during the artificial activation of these engrams to induce an association between the two to form a false memory.