The operator then measures the overlap

distance of the two valves to better understand the position of the second valve that will be implanted. Certain steps can be taken to improve the accuracy of implantation. While focusing on the distal (inflow) aspect, the operator can release the second valve until it is one-third deployed, then focus on the proximal (outflow) aspect of the second valve and determine the optimal distance between the frame Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical loops of the first and second valves. For this part it is important not to focus on the distal aspect (inflow) of the valves, because the “criss-cross” appearance of the struts will make it difficult to differentiate the individual valve frames. Once optimal distance between the outflow tips is determined, the operator can deploy the remainder of the valve while strictly maintaining the prescribed distance

between the two frames. After complete release of the second valve, it is likely that there will be no significant AR observed and, as a result, no need for balloon Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) post-implantation. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical When AR (grade ≥2) is observed, or when tortuous anatomies challenge the implantation of the second valve, the operator should assess for incomplete expansion and axialization of the second valve’s frame using control TEE or rotational fluoroscopy. If this is confirmed, BAV post-implantation should be considered High Implantation With the possibility of full valve retrieval up to four-fifths of the way through the deployment process, such a situation should rarely occur except in cases of technical mistakes during the last steps of the procedure. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Examples include (A) www.selleckchem.com/products/Y-27632.html failure to notice incomplete disengagement of both frame loops from the delivery catheter before withdrawing the catheter; (B) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical failure

to manage the distal tip of the delivery catheter (i.e., nose cone) through the prosthesis after successful valve deployment, resulting in tip displacement of the valve frame; (C) post-implant dilatation without the use of rapid pacing, or rapid pacing terminated too early relative to balloon inflation, resulting in ejection of the balloon-valve unit into the ascending aorta. Unfortunately, a high implantation does not offer the same attractive options for correction as a low implantation. However, it is important to first clearly define the criteria for acceptable parameters Batimastat despite a “too-high” implantation. To a certain extent, the sealing effect of the native calcified aortic valve around the frame (similar to a chimney above the annulus) can make a “too-high” implantation perfectly compatible with a good result, with no to mild or moderate AR. The control angiogram and the hemodynamic blog post analysis provide the criteria for an acceptable result: (1) AR grade ≤2; (2) no ventricular-aortic gradient; and (3) no coronary occlusion.