These gray matter pathologies are considered to be responsible for some of the clinical manifestations of the disease, including extrapyramidal symptoms. “
“L. M. Duffy, A. L. Chapman,

P. J. Shaw and A. J. Grierson (2011) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology37, 336–352 The role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of upper and lower motor neurones leading to muscle weakness and paralysis. Despite recent advances in the genetics of ALS, the mechanisms underlying motor neurone degeneration are not fully understood. Mitochondria are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of ALS, principally through mitochondrial dysfunction, the generation of free radicals, and impaired calcium handling selleck products in ALS patients and models of disease. However, recent studies have highlighted the potential importance of altered mitochondrial morphology and defective axonal transport of mitochondria in ALS. Here, we review the evidence for mitochondrial involvement in ALS and discuss learn more potential therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria. Mitochondria are specialized organelles in eukaryotic cells,

capable of the production of ATP, via the complete metabolism of sugar. This is achieved by a process termed oxidative phosphorylation, via IKBKE the flow of electrons along the electron transport chain (ETC), a sequence of four protein complexes spanning the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), before being passed onto oxygen. This transfer of electrons via electron carriers, and the subsequent release of energy, is coupled to pumping of H+ ions across the IMM from the matrix into the intermembrane space (IMS). This generation of an electrochemical proton gradient, and the resultant flow of ions back across the membrane

into the matrix, is exploited by the enzyme ATP synthase, driving the energetically unfavourable generation of ATP [1–3]. Additionally, mitochondria are central to the intrinsic apoptotic cascade, harbouring several proteins capable of initiating and regulating the death of the cell. For example, damage or dysfunction of the mitochondria can result in permeability of the mitochondrial membrane, with release of the pro-apoptotic protein cytochrome c. Once in the cytosol, cytochrome c can bind and activate the adaptor protein, Apaf-1, initiating the death-inducing caspase cascade. The Bcl-2 family of proteins regulate this process, either by blocking, or conversely, stimulating cytochrome c release from the mitochondria [4]. Furthermore, mitochondria play a key role in cellular calcium homeostasis, a function intricately linked with apoptotic regulation. Mitochondria buffer calcium levels in the cell, and thus influence the patterning of calcium signalling and propagation.