This was particularly obvious for BAL following selleckchem both primary (Fig. 5A) and secondary (Fig. 5C) infection, and for secondary response in spleen (Fig. 5B). The decrease in MFI found with the tetramers was not reflected in reduced staining for the “global” TCR markers CD3ε and TCRβ (Supporting Information Fig. 4). Thus, although DbNPCD8+ and DbPACD8+ T cells can be generated in the presence of an irrelevant Vα chain, such pairing may be far

from optimal for a particular specificity. Further functional assessment used tetramer dissociation as a measure of pMHC-I avidity for the DbPA224CD8+ and DbNPCD8+ populations from A7 and B6 mice. The tetramer dissociation curves for DbNPCD8+ TCR showed different trends for off-rate and kinetics (Fig. 5E), with a big drop in tetramer staining occurring during the first 15 min for the A7 (85.1±8.5%) but not the B6 (47.3±17.1%) T cells. The td50 value (defined by the time to 50% tetramer loss) was also much shorter for the DbNPCD8+ T cells (A7=10 min versus B6=20 min, consistent with 22) indicating that, on a population basis, the DbNPCD8+ T cells generated by pairing with irrelevant Vα2 select TCR that bind the pMHC-I tetramer less strongly. On the contrary, the tetramer eluted DNA Damage inhibitor at comparable rates from

the A7 and B6 DbPACD8+ TCR (Fig. 5F). Thus, although the tetramer MFI results suggest that the overall affinity/avidity (both the “on-rate” and “off-rate”) of DbPACD8+ T cells in the A7-defined TCR/pMHCI interactions might be lower, the tetramer decay shows that the “off-rate” is unaffected. It appears that DbPACD8+ T cells in A7 mice display decreased TCR/pMHCI

affinity/avidity (“on-rate”) rather than stability of TCR/pMHCI interaction (“off-rate”). Given the significantly lower tetramer staining, we asked whether the DbNPCD8+ and DbPACD8+ T cells from the A7 buy Atezolizumab showed evidence of functional impairment. Both A7 T-cell sets produced IFN-γ after short-term (5 h) stimulation with the cognate NP366 or PA224 peptide (Supporting Information Fig. 5). As for tetramer staining (Fig. 1), the numbers of IFN-γ cells in A7 versus B6 mice were significantly lower for DbNPCD8+ sets. Conversely, the frequency of DbPA224-stimulated CD8+ T cells elicited by influenza infection of A7 mice was equivalent to B6 controls. The intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) results confirmed the tetramer data, showing again that CD8+ T-cell immunodominance hierarchies, characteristic of influenza infections in B6 mice 21, are altered in A7 transgenics. Functional analysis of peptide-induced IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 production showed obvious differences between the DbNP366- and DbPA224-specifc T cells elicited in A7 and B6 mice, though the usual cytokine hierarchies 27 found for the DbPACD8+ and DbNPCD8+ responses were maintained in TCRα transgenics (Fig. 6). Comparison of spleen CD8+ populations producing both IFN-γ and TNF-α (Fig. 6A and E, I–L), or IFN-γ and IL-2 (Fig.