Thus, the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism affects not only central 5-HT function, but also seems to be involved in the regulation of biobehavioral characteristics.57 The G-protein-β3 subunit (Gβ3) gene Neurotransmitter molecules do not cross the postsynaptic membranes, but induce a cascade of reactions via their initial binding to surface receptors within the postsynaptic membrane, which are often coupled to guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). These G proteins represent initial regulatory components in transmembrane signaling

and are thus key elements in signal transduction, regulating many biological responses.58 In one subunit of these Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical G proteins, the Gβ3 subunit, a polymorphism was identified (a C to T exchange at position 825 in exon 10), which leads to the occurrence of a splice variant (Gβ3-s) with deletion of 41 amino acids. It is now fairly well established that the T allele of this polymorphism, which results in increased ion flux across the membrane and increased signal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical transduction, is associated with hypertension and obesity.59,60 However, this genetic variant is not just important for somatic disorders, because we also found an increased frequency of the T allele in patients with affective psychosis.61 In an extended sample, using the DNA of

201 patients with Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical major depression without increased proportions of hypertensives, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical we were able to replicate our previous results of increased frequency of allele T and increase in TT homozygotes (χ2=14.8; df=2; P=0.0006). Thus, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that disturbances in the signal transduction cascade on the level of G proteins are involved as contributing factor in the pathophysiology

of major depression, despite its importance in essential hypertension.62 The ACE gene Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is a zinc metallopeptidase involved in blood pressure regulation via the angiotensin-renin cascade, generating angiotensin II (ATII) from angiotensin I, and via degradation of the powerful vasodilator bradykinin. However, the effects of this enzyme are not restricted to the vasculature, as several Caspase inhibitor clinical trial studies have demonstrated that ACE might also be involved in HPA axis regulation and catecholamine production via the generation of ATII63 and is thus required for sympathoadrenal activation during stress. ATM Kinase Inhibitor clinical trial Further evidence suggests an involvement of the brain renin-angiotensin system in regulation of mood, because of the colocalization of angiotensin with dopamine-synthesizing neurons,64 the fact that ACE is involved in the metabolism of the neuropeptide substance P, which, in turn, is supposed to play a role in depression,65 and the clinical observation that the application of ACE inhibitors in hypertensives can induce euphoric or depressive states.