We have analyzed the transcriptome of frontal tissue, subcuticular tissue, gut, ovary and testes of adult louse using a 44 K oligo microarray containing 11,100 genes. buy Carfilzomib For each tissue we have used four pools of tissue from 3 to 6 animals. To study the transcriptomic differences between tissues, we analyzed the differential expressed genes by SAM. Here each tissue was compared to all other samples to find differentially expressed genes (Fig. 3 and Table 1). A cut-off at 0.05 was set, and with 98% of the genes had a fold change

of more than 1.5. The lists of genes differentially expressed found from SAM were investigated using KEGG. The overall trend observed, was that many of the pathways upregulated in ovaries were also upregulated in testes indicating a number of parallel processes in these two tissue types. However, it should also be noted that testis was the only male tissue in this study thus differential expression of genes in testis can both be a function of male specific or tissue specific expression. Metabolic pathways indicative of high cellular activity were up regulated in testis and ovaries. These include genes involved in the production and processing of proteins such as components of the spliceosome,

RNA transport and for ovary biogenesis of ribosomes. For protein degradation, differences between the testis and the ovary could be detected. Regulatory and core particles of the proteasome were only upregulated in testis, whereas genes involved in ubiquitin mediated proteolysis were transcribed at high levels in both tissues. Expression Selleckchem Regorafenib in the ovary and testis was also characterized by expression of many components of the cell cycle. In ovaries, these included Cdk4 (cyclin dependent kinase 4), Cdc6 (cell division cycle 6) and originating recognition Ketotifen complex. Several genes involved in meiosis were upregulated in ovaries and testis including Cdc20 and Plk1 (polo-like kinase). Components of signaling pathways controlling

cell proliferation and differentiation were upregulated in ovaries. This included cell surface receptors TGFBR2 (transforming growth factor, beta receptor II), and Flt1 (fms-related tyrosine kinase 1) and central protein kinases such as erk1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinases), and p38 (P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases). Components from the phosphatidylinositol pathway such as PI3K (phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase) and Akt (Protein Kinase B) were similarly up-regulated. Mannosyltransferase and glucosidases involved in synthesis of N-glycans were also up-regulated in ovaries. Also for downregulation there are some clear differences between testis and ovary. For example the upstream part of the glycolysis leading from glucose to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is clearly downregulated in ovary only.