Further study with a longer duration in a larger number of patients is needed to confirm the chronotherapeutic differences between valsartan and olmesartan. In summary, the present findings suggest that a dipper BP pattern could be obtained after switching from morning to evening dosing of valsartan, and switching to morning and evening dosing of olmesartan, in hypertensive patients with a non-dipper BP pattern during morning treatment with valsartan. Morning and evening olmesartan, but not evening valsartan improved renal function in these patients. Therefore, it is speculated that, in hypertensive patients with a non-dipper BP pattern during morning

treatment with valsartan, an increased dose of the GSK1349572 research buy drug is needed to improve renal function, irrespective of dosing-time. On the other hand, olmesartan (equivalent dose of valsartan) might improve renal function after dosing at morning or evening in these patients. All authors declare no conflict of interest. This study was supported

by a grant from the Japan Research Foundation for Clinical Pharmacology (KU) and by the Program for the Strategic Research Foundation at AUY-922 Private Universities 2011–2015 “Cooperative Basic and Clinical Research on Circadian Medicine” from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (AF). “
“Asthma is now recognised as a heterogeneous disease with multiple pathologies. Allergic asthma is characterised by early and late asthmatic responses (EARs and LARs) following allergen challenge (O’Byrne, 2009). The EAR is an immediate bronchoconstriction to allergen and usually resolves within the first couple of hours (Leigh et al., 2002). The LAR is a temporally

separate and delayed bronchoconstriction, seen in 50% of patients 3–8 h after allergen challenge DNA ligase (Galli et al., 2008 and O’Byrne, 2009). These responses demonstrate large Inter-subject variability (Kopferschmitt-Kubler, Bigot, & Pauli, 1987), which does not appear to have been examined in animal models. The late asthmatic response is followed by the development of airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR), an increased response to a bronchoconstrictor stimulus such as histamine (Cockcroft & Davis, 2006). These responses are also accompanied by pulmonary inflammation, as manifested by an accumulation of eosinophils, macrophages and lymphocytes in lung parenchyma tissue (Nabe et al., 2005). Specifically, eosinophils are important in the development of late asthmatic responses and AHR (Gauvreau et al., 1999 and Homma et al., 2005). Allergen challenge protocols, using antigens such as ovalbumin (Ova) are used to model characteristics of asthma in guinea-pigs (Buels et al., 2012, Evans et al., 2012 and Lee et al., 2013). Sensitisation to Ova is usually achieved by intraperitoneal administration with an adjuvant such as aluminium hydroxide (Lindblad, 2004).