The assay was specific with an efficiency of 99.4%. The analytical sensitivity was 4 x 10(1) and 0.35 in terms of copy number and picogram of virus genomic DNA, respectively. The assay was linear with an acceptable intra (0.9-2.83% and 0.9-2.3%) and inter-assay (0.46-2.3% and 0.9-3.3) variations,
when standard plasmid DNA and genomic DNA from purified CMLV respectively were tested. The assay was rapid, specific and sensitive as that of SYBR green and 1000 times more sensitive than the conventional PCR. It is suitable for the detection of CMLV nucleic acid directly from clinical samples. Further, the assay was evaluated using cell culture adapted CMLV isolates (n = 11) and clinical samples (n = 23) from camels and humans suspected of camelpox. This is an improved technique over conventional and SYBR green rt-PCR methods for the detection and quantitation of CMLV from skin scabs. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights selleck products reserved.”
“Growing see more proportions of smokers in the USA do not smoke everyday and can be referred to as light and intermittent smokers (LITS).
Despite a current prevalence of LITS in the USA estimated at 25-33% of all smokers, a systematic review of the literature on this group of smokers has yet to be written.
The aim of this paper is to review and evaluate research on LITS and to identify, describe and discuss commonalities and differences between LITS and daily smokers.
The primary databases used to search for publications were Pub Med (National Library of Medicine) and SCOPUS (Elsevier).
LITS inhale smoke and have
post-smoking blood nicotine concentrations that are broadly equivalent to those found in daily smokers. However, LITS differ from daily smokers with regard to cigarette consumption and frequency of cigarette use, sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics, motives, personality traits, dependence, withdrawal and craving, response to smoking-related cues, quitting perception, past-smoking status, and initiation.
In contrast to daily smokers, LITS show few or no signs of dependence as currently defined by DSM-IV criteria, appear to exercise more self-control, seem to be less impulsive, and their smoking experience is primarily associated with positive rather RO4929097 nmr than negative reinforcement. Conclusions drawn from the reviewed literature highlight the multivariate factors that must be taken into account when defining LITS and emphasize the importance of further research on this increasing fraction of smokers. The potential implications of increased LITS prevalence on smoking-related disease risks remain to be thoroughly investigated.”
“The antigenic types of canine parvovirus (CPV) are defined based on differences in the amino acids of the major capsid protein VP2. Type specificity is conferred by a limited number of amino acid changes and in particular by few nucleotide substitutions.