The evidence for this is clear ( Fig. 2). Pitcher and Cheung (2013) discuss the decline in the status of global fish stocks. The combination of dependency on a resource, together with its inability to provide that same resource with current pressures is not a happy one. There have been many workshops, papers and fora discussing how to encourage a paradigm shift towards a different approach to obtaining food from the sea. Almost everyone recognises that it is needed. These workshops

and committees address different proposed solutions, from protecting natural resources and biodiversity to increasingly buy ZD1839 intensive ocean farming. All may be needed. But it is unfortunate that increasing some products of an ecosystem such Apitolisib solubility dmso as productivity can diminish

others that underpin ocean resilience and, ultimately, the flow of ecosystem goods and services. Thus focusing on increasing production may simply set up a greater problem in the near future. Some of the proposed solutions are much the same as what has been done before, only pursued more intensively. “Marine Spatial Planning’ is one of the ideas growing in popularity. Some approaches advocate leaving some areas as un-exploited, replenishment reservoirs. Progress in one obvious option, that of creating properly protected areas to permit greater juvenile supply, is lagging badly behind need, but is slowly gaining acceptance with formation of large ones (Toonen et al., 2013) Other suggestions advocate simply farming the sea on a more industrial scale, as happens on land. We do lack a coherent, workable, and acceptable mechanism to increase

marine food production that will both work in the short term yet maintain into the future both a high diversity and the myriad other ‘services’ the biosphere provides. Different countries of course are considering different approaches, but alarmingly, too many are still dithering, postponing or avoiding any rational decisions. Sometimes this is because their food-support ecosystems have deteriorated so much that there seems nothing they can do. Several steps might be U0126 possible. The first, in my view, is to recognise our commonly fraudulent use of the word “manage” when it comes to marine ecosystems. Managing a coral reef? Managing a seagrass bed? This is pure hubris. We do not manage those habitats; all we could manage might be human activities that would damage or destroy them. People with the label “Manager” dislike this point, but this comment generates favourable comments from thoughtful scientists. A second step is to openly talk about population pressures. Today, at many international fora it is frowned upon to even mention population numbers, family planning issues, and related subjects. Alternatively, they are quietly ignored. Mora (2014) discusses this problem in depth. A third step, seemingly trivial but probably very important, is to recognise that language must be used correctly.