Today, three DNMTs have been identified in human cells. While DNMT1 methylates newly synthe sized DNA during cell division, DNMT3a and DNMT3b act on methylation of CpG motifs during cellular src inhibitor dasatinib differentiation and regulatory pro cesses. Genes that are commonly affected by DNA methylation include both the tumor suppressors RASSF1A and also APC. Both genes have been shown to be commonly inacti vated in human hepatocellular carcinoma and to influ ence the overall prognosis of patients and therefore represent interesting targets for reversing DNA methyla tion status. Besides DNA methylation, post translational modifica tions such as acetylation, SUMOylation or phosphoryl ation occurring at amino acid residues in histone proteins have also been identified as strong epigenetic regulators of gene transcription.

Previously, we have shown that expression of histone deacetylases is significantly associated with HCC grading and that HDAC2 represents an independent prognostic factor in HCC. While inhibition of HDAC is usually attribu ted to transcriptional control of cell cycle regulators like p21cip1/waf1, additional effects involving non nuclear protein modifications have recently been described, e. g. the interaction with chaperones such as heat shock protein 90. Although these cellular targets of deacetylases are not well known today, some reports confirm a transcriptional control of DNMT by HDAC. Panobinostat is a novel orally available pan deacetylase inhibitor with broad anti tumor activity.

Our own previous results showed a significant inhibition of HCC growth in vitro and in xenograft models in vivo which were mediated by alternative pathways of apoptosis induction such as activation of the unfolded protein response. We therefore investigated whether pano binostat also influences the activity of DNMT in HCC cell lines and if this affects the expression and methyla tion status of CpG promoter islands of known tumor suppressor genes in HCC models. We can show here that panobinostat exerts a dual effect on DNMT activity and expression, indicating that deacetylase inhibitors can also indirectly control DNA methylation status. Methods Cell culture The human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines HepG2 and Hep3B were cultured on six well tissue culture plates in RPMI 1640 or Dulbeccos modified Eagles medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, penicillin and streptomycin at 37 C in an atmosphere containing 5% CO2.

All cell lines were obtained from the German Collection of Micro organisms and Cell Anacetrapib Cultures. Cells were starved for 24 h in medium contain ing 0. 125% FCS to achieve cell cycle synchronization and then washed twice with phosphate buffered saline, treated with trypsin EDTA, seeded at a density of 0. 5×106 per well. Panobinostat was a gift from Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland, and was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide and then further diluted with culture medium. Cells were treated with 0.