Não utilizar o soro ou fluído folicular SCH772984 dos doadores como aditivos para os meios de cultura. O uso de óleo mineral pré‐equilibrado ajudará a manter a temperatura, a pressão osmótica e o pH. Deve haver protocolos de funcionamento, calibração, limpeza e de emergência com condutas em caso de pane, com sistema de back‐up elétrico para os principais

equipamentos. Semelhante à legislação brasileira, a legislação européia também é citada em teses de controle de qualidade em LRH e a preocupação é promover o maior nível de segurança possível para garantir a saúde pública.8 Todo material biológico deve ser tratado como ponto inicial de contaminação.6 Doenças do aparelho reprodutor masculino e feminino também podem ser fonte de contaminação. Segundo Cottell et al. (1997),4 foram encontrados e cultivados micro‐organismos de vários loci em aproximadamente

50% dos casos de FIV. Fluido seminal e líquido folicular são fontes potenciais de contaminação microbiológica.4 Candida albicans é uma levedura muito encontrada entre os microrganismos do trato genital feminino e masculino. Este fungo, também verificado nas contaminações dos laboratórios de reprodução assistida, pode ser proveniente dos pacientes submetidos à FIV e injeção intracitoplasmática de espermatozoide (ICSI). Vários autores relatam terem encontrado leveduras em seus estudos, avaliando vários aspectos de comprometimento dos resultados em fertilização assistida. 9, 10 and 11 Bactérias também são participantes da microbiota selleck kinase inhibitor do trato genital. A confirmação da presença de células vaginais no fluido folicular durante a punção transvaginal para recrutamento de oócitos, em maior porcentagem nos folículos inicialmente puncionados, sugere a possibilidade de contaminação pelo meio vaginal.12 Conhecido este tipo de contaminação, os procedimentos envolvem very a utilização de antibióticos no sêmen e na cultura de embriões. Penicilina, estreptomicina e gentamicina vêm sendo utilizados com resultados promissores, com 95% de eliminação de bactérias.4 A doença inflamatória pélvica

é causada por vários agentes, entre eles a Neisseria gonorrhoeae, diplococo gram‐negativo aeróbico facultativo. A uretrite pode ser causada pela Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum e Mycoplasma hominis. A sífilis é causada pelo Treponema pallidum, o cancro mole pelo Haemophilus ducreyi e o linfogranuloma venéreo pela Chlamydia trachomatis. A vaginose bacteriana, com alteração da flora, é causada por vários agentes, entre eles a Gardnerella vaginalis, relacionada com resistência ao metronidazol e à doxaciclina, o que demonstra a vulnerabilidade da dependência de antibióticos. 13 Outro veículo contaminante é o ar, quando os LRH não trabalham com filtros de ar compatíveis com a descontaminação efetiva da sala de embriologia.

Biopsy showed invasive adenocarcinoma. Patients with ulcerative

colitis are recommended to have surgery when a colonic stricture is found. The authors thank Drs. Shinji Tanaka, Ronald Yeh, and Hazem Hammad for their generous contributions. “
“Des erreurs se sont glissées dans la liste des auteurs du PO 26 du supplément au volume 47, 2012 du Pharmacien Hospitalier et Clinicien. Il fallait Selleckchem Entinostat lire : L. Soubraa, F. el Masria, S. Doumiatia, S. Kabbanib aPharmacology and clinical pharmacy department, Beirut Arab university, Beirut bFaculty of medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut Nous prions les auteurs et nos lecteurs de nous excuser pour cette erreur. “
“La référence bibliographique du résumé C001 « Applicabilité du GPS dans l’évaluation des limitations à la marche des claudications artérielles » (dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmv.2014.07.037) est la suivante : Gernigon M, Le Faucheur A, Noury-Desvaux B, Mahe G, Abraham P ; Post-GPS Study Coinvestigators Group. Applicability of global positioning system for the assessment of walking ability in patients with arterial claudication. J Vasc Surg. 2014;60:973–81. Veuillez nous excuser pour cette erreur. “
” photo Axel Perez/Pleine ouverture Jean-Daniel Picard nous a quittés le 16 décembre 2013. Quelques semaines avant son décès qu’il estimait proche, il m’avait fait parvenir ce qu’il appelait son Journal

où il rappelait les étapes essentielles de sa vie. Jean est né dans une famille juive alsacienne qui était devenue allemande en 1871. Son père, né en Alsace allemande en 1887, avait 8 fils qui normalement auraient dû aller faire leur selleck products service militaire en Allemagne, mais tous préférèrent s’expatrier et se retrouvèrent en Suisse. Le père de Jean commença des études à l’École horlogère Phosphoprotein phosphatase de la Chaux-de-Fonds, mais ce travail trop immobile n’était pas fait pour lui. Il se lança dans plusieurs métiers et en définitive devint voyageur de commerce. Quelques années plus tard, il était

devenu un importateur très réputé de vins français, spécialement de Bourgogne, en Suisse. Il se maria à l’âge de 35 ans avec une jeune française modeste dont la mère tenait une mercerie rue de Beaune à Paris. Jean naquit à Lausanne en 1927 puis, pour des raisons essentiellement familiales, ses parents sont revenus vivre à Paris tandis que son père continuait son commerce en Suisse. Jean commença sa scolarité primaire à Paris et ses études secondaires au Collège Chaptal. Puis, la guerre entre la France et l’Allemagne se déclencha et la famille ne put rentrer en Suisse qui avait fermé ses frontières. Tous ses membres se retrouvèrent en Bourgogne alors que Jean allait en bicyclette au lycée de Beaune, mais il avait toujours considéré cette obligation comme une partie de plaisir. La guerre se poursuivant, la famille partit se réfugier à Lyon où Jean continua le lycée. Mais ils furent dénoncés et ce fut la fuite vers le Mont-Dore en Auvergne, puis à Perpignan.

Anyway, the treatment with this dipeptidyl Doramapimod cell line peptidase IV inhibitor contributed to the general homeostasis of the organism and to the reestablishment of both epithelial and stromal compartments which were damaged by the hyperglycaemic condition, demonstrating that the incretin-based therapy may be an important complementary treatment for the type 1 diabetic condition. Governmental grant – The State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). None declared. This study was approved by the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA) and the Institutional Ethics Committee (180/10). NAPED/FMJ, CNPq and FAPESP (grant number: 2010/51619-2

and 2011/02262-7). We thank Mrs. Kerstin Markendorf and Nea Torres for English revision of the manuscript. “
“Since the introduction of osseointegration by Brånemark et

al.,1 there has been an increased interest in investigating the application of titanium implants in dentistry. Several studies reported an osseointegrated implant success rate of over 90%.2 and 3 These highly predictable http://www.selleckchem.com/products/MG132.html and successful long-term results stimulated orthodontists to consider how dental implants could be used to improve orthodontic anchorage. Although osseointegrated implants have been shown to provide excellent anchorage, they also have many disadvantages when used as short-term anchorage devices, such as requiring good bone structure and a more complicated surgical procedure, limited insertion sites, higher cost, and a complex surgical removal

considering the high level of osseointegration.4 Compared with traditional anchorage, the major advantages of mini-implants (also known as temporary anchorage devices or TADs) are small size, minimal anatomic limitation for placement, lower cost, simpler implantation and straightforward surgical removal in that they present only partial osseointegration.5 Mini-implants also can be loaded immediately or within a few weeks of placement, and they have been shown to reduce the reliance on patient compliance.6 However, clinical experience has revealed significant variability in the stability of these anchorage devices, with clinicians noting that some of the mini-implants have loosen easily or even have been lost during treatment. Thus the stability of mini-implants requires further investigation. Dynein The stability of mini-implants has been attributed to mechanical7 (bulk device design and dimensions) and biological8 (bone quantity and quality, healing time before loading) factors. In this context, the influence of some variables in orthodontic therapy, such as loading time point and magnitude of force, must be considered that might compromise the success of mini-implants, thus decreasing predictability in clinical applications. Immediate or early activation of mini-implants in the oral cavity is desired in order to diminish the length of orthodontic treatment.

See Gaxiola-Robles et al. (companion paper) for Selleck Ceritinib additional details of the segmental analysis. Total mercury concentration (μg g−1) was measured in hair segments using a DMA80

Direct Mercury Analyzer [Milestone Inc., Shelton, Connecticut; US EPA method 7473; Knott et al. (2011), Castellini et al. (2012), Rea et al. (2013); see Gaxiola-Robles et al. companion paper for additional details of the segmental analysis]. Values from the three segments were used to establish the range and variability within each individual and for comparison with established thresholds, but for comparison with the diet surveys, only the value from the proximal (most recent) segment was used. Mean [THg] for each individual (across the three segments) was used in comparison with the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values. Hair samples (n = 77) were analyzed for stable isotopes of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C). The stable isotope sample was comprised of all the remaining hair after the segmental [THg] analysis was done. Approximately 0.5 mg of clean, dry hair was wrapped in ultrathin foil sheets (Elemental Microanalysis, Cambridge, UK) and analyzed at the Alaska Stable Isotopes Facility at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. check details An elemental analyzer–isotopic ratio mass spectrometer (Costech Elemental Analyzer [ESC 4010] and

Finnigan MAT Conflo III interface with a Delta + XP mass spectrometer) was used (Cardona-Marek et al., 2009 and Rea et al., 2013). The ratio of stable isotopes is expressed in delta (δ) notation and calculated as: δX=[(Rsample/Rstandard)−1]*1000δX=[(Rsample/Rstandard)−1]*1000where X = 15N or 13C and R = 15N/14N or 13C/12C in the sample and standard. We generated mean

total [THg] and 95% confidence interval for most individuals using 3 segments per individual to examine the percentage of women that had means and/or 95% confidence intervals significantly higher than various published health-related thresholds for women of child bearing age. The selected thresholds are 1 μg g−1 (U.S. EPA, 1997), 5 μg g−1 (Hamade, 2014), 10 μg g−1 (Feeley and Lo, 1998, NRC, 2000 and WHO, 1990), 15.3 μg g−1 (Risher and DeWoskin, 1999) and 20 μg g−1 (WHO, 1990), as they represent LY294002 a range of advisory levels that we are aware of. These advisory levels were generally developed to protect the most sensitive health outcomes of mercury exposure, the neurodevelopmental effects on the fetus of mothers who consume fish but also young children. We used general linear models (Proc GLM) to evaluate the relationship between the frequency of self-declared categorical consumption of fish and shellfish (never, once a month, every 2 weeks, or more than twice a week) as reported by the individual for the month prior to sampling, and [THg] in the proximal hair segment in pregnant Mexican women (n = 78) using 4 a priori candidate models. Only 78 women had both hair [THg] measured and completed diet recalls.

Then, 50 μL of treated cell suspension were collected and incubated with JC-1 (10 μL/mL) for 30 min in the dark followed by washing two times with PBS. The cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (10 μL), mounted Docetaxel molecular weight on glass slides, and fluorescence was observed using an epifluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss, Gottingen, Germany), at 1000× magnification under oil immersion with filters

for LP 515 nm emission and BP 450–490 nm excitement. A minimum of 200 cells was counted in every sample. Cells with high potential of mitochondrial membrane were stained in red, while cells with low membrane potential were stained in green. All data are presented as mean ± S.D. The IC50 values were obtained by nonlinear regression with 95% confidence interval using the SigmaPlot software (Systal Software Inc., San Jose, USA). The differences between experimental groups were determined using one-way analysis

of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Newman–Keuls test at significance level of 1%. Cytotoxicity of BlL on cell lines was evaluated after 72 h using MTT assay. BlL exhibited cytotoxic activity against all tumor cell lines with IC50 values of 11.75 ± 0.035, 17-AAG nmr 6.63 ± 0.052 and 15.42 ± 0.060 μg/mL for Hep-2, NCI-H292 and K562, respectively. Etoposide was used as a positive control and showed IC50 values of 6.10 ± 0.19, 2.75 ± 0.10 and 4.48 ± 0.23 μg/mL for Hep-2, NCI-H292 and K562, respectively. Cytotoxic activity against non-tumorigenic cell line was not observed. The involvement

of apoptosis induction on K562 (chronic myelocytic leukemia) death was verified by evaluation of phosphatidylserine externalization using the Annexin V-FITC kit and epifluorescence microscope. We observed that after treatment with BlL (15.42 μg/mL), the number of cells in early apoptosis (Ann Vpos/PIneg) corresponded to 70.5% (Fig. 1a). Treatment with BlL exhibited values less than 1% of late apoptotic cells (AnnVpos/PIpos) and values less than 2% of cell necrosis (AnnVneg/PIpos). Fig. 1b also shows that the treatment of K562 cells with BlL caused mitochondrial membrane potential loss, as the epifluorescence microscopy analysis determined that BlL treatment induced a significant increase Urease in cells with depolarized mitochondria (63.8%) as compared to control cells, as measured by JC-1 incorporation. Uncontrolled proliferation and decreased apoptotic signals are attributes of oncogenic transformation (Hill et al., 2003), and activation of apoptosis constitutes a fundamental mechanism by which drugs may kill tumor cells (Debatin, 2004). Therefore, compounds with the ability to induce apoptosis in tumor cells have potential as anticancer agents (Reed, 2003). MTT assay demonstrated that BlL showed a significant cytotoxic effect indicating that the activity of this lectin was not specific to a particular tumor cell type.

Autophagy and apoptosis are interdependent and inhibition of important autophagic genes such as beclin-1, ATG5, ATG7 and ATG10 leads the cell to apoptotic cell death [10], in contrast the addition BIBW2992 mw of inhibitors that block the fusion of autophagosome with lysosomes, manifested mixed type of morphological features of autophagy and apoptosis (Gonzalez-Polo et al., 2005; [6]).

Caspase-3 has been found to have a role in controlling both apoptosis and autophagy and its inhibition associated with reversal of both autophagic and apoptotic cell death [11]. The specific inhibition of the proapoptotic function of cytochrome c, a key regulator of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, enhanced autophagy following chemotherapeutic treatment [12]. Apoptosis and autophagy

potential of quinazolinone ring members have been investigated in different cell lines [13] and [14], and in most of the cases the autophagy induced by different quinazoline derivatives are of the protective nature [15]. Our study, for the first time Panobinostat explore the interdependence of autophagy and apoptosis induced by 2,3-Dihydro-2-(quinoline-5-yl)quinazolin-4(1H)-one [DQQ] and negative feedback potential of cytochrome c regulated autophagy in human leukemia MOLT-4 cells. Human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells MOLT-4 and K-562 were obtained from European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC). Cells were grown in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin (100 units/ml), streptomycin (100 μg/ml), L-glutamine (0.3 mg/ml), sodium pyruvate (550 mg/ml), and NaHCO3(2 mg/ml). Cells were grown in a CO2 incubator (Thermocon Electron Corporation, USA) at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 95% air and 5% Inositol monophosphatase 1 CO2 with 98% humidity. Cells treated with DQQ and other inhibitors were dissolved in DMSO while the untreated cells

received the vehicle (DMSO < 0.2%). RPMI-1640, DMEM, EMEM, propidium iodide (PI), 3-(4, 5, -dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2, 5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 2, 7-dichlorofuoresceine diacetate (DCFH-DA), MG-132, Hoechst-33258, protease inhibitor cocktail, RNase, Rhodamine-123 (Rh-123), streptomycin, fetal bovine serum, phenyl methane sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), L-glutamine, pyruvic acid, NAC, sMIT and bovine serum albumin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Bangalore, India). Apoalert caspases-8 and -3 fluorescent assay kits, primary antibodies of cytochrome c and Beclin1were purchased from B.D Biosciences (San Jose, CA). Pan specific caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk, AnnexinV-FITC apoptosis detection kit, primary antibodies to Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, caspase-8, PARP-1, β-Actin and siRNA transfection reagent were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Other remaining antibodies were purchased from Cell signalling technology (Danvers, MA).

strenda.org) Initiative (Tipton et al., 2014) which created recommendation for the

publication of enzyme data including minimum information for the description of enzymes and related data. These STRENDA recommendations are already accepted by some biological journals and inserted in the author’s guidelines of these journals. Within the biocuration community which was recently enforced by the Apoptosis Compound Library clinical trial foundation of the International Society for Biocuration (http://biocurator.org) there are also initiatives to improve the collaboration between database curators and publishers. The adaption of publications to the needs of the database developers will increase the quality and re-usability of published data. The hope from the database curators’ point of view for future papers would be, for example, the consistent usage of identifiers from standard databases, ontologies and controlled vocabularies for a correct identification of entities of interest. Of course, this would only hold for future publications. The extraction of data from already existing papers will be still a big

challenge, including time-consuming manual curation work. Currently there are no software tools to automatically support the identification of missing or inconsistent data. Another challenge for the extraction of data for a reaction kinetics database like SABIO-RK is the spreading of data through the whole text of the publication. In addition, different formats for the representation of data within the paper (e.g. kinetic parameters Succinyl-CoA in tables, figures or text) are difficult MEK inhibitor to handle with automatic extraction methods. To follow up our findings we are planning to start a more comprehensive analysis of publications. In addition, we are considering the labeling of the part of information in the database that was missing from the publication, but

has been investigated and added manually by the curators. We have described the biochemical reaction kinetics database SABIO-RK and the data extraction and curation process used to maintain it. SABIO-RK is a manually curated database containing biochemical reactions and their kinetic properties. The database is established as a data resource for both experimentalists and modellers. Data in SABIO-RK are mainly extracted manually from the literature and stored in a structured and standardized format. The database content comprises the relevant data which are essential to describe the characteristics of biochemical reactions, the corresponding biological source, kinetic properties and experimental conditions. Annotations to controlled vocabularies, ontologies, and external databases allow the comparison and exchange of data. For a high quality data in a database the original source should be comprehensive and complete. Based on our experience, and confirmed by our analysis of a set of SABIO-RK relevant publications, we suggest improvement opportunities for publishing experimental data.

At low shear rates, the typical Newtonian plateau was experimentally detected in the flow curves of guar/polyol

systems. The plateau region, where viscosity has a constant value, decreased with increasing solute concentration. This behavior is in accordance with previous results reported to pure guar gum solutions (Chenlo, Moreira, & Silva, 2010). Pure polyol solutions showed Newtonian behavior, in agreement with previously reported results obtained at room temperature (Lim, Seo, & Youn, 2004; Siefarth et al., 2011). The Cross equation was the best model for describing pseudoplastic behavior of pure guar solutions and solutions of G01 with polyol (Table 2). The behavior of G05 and G1 solutions was different from the rheological STAT inhibitor Selleckchem Dasatinib profiles observed for the lower concentration of gum and the Cross model did not fit adequately to these flow curves. There was evidence of an apparent yield stress associated with particulate inclusions and this was also observed with the higher guar and polyol concentrations. These results are similar to those obtained in rheological studies of mixtures of guar galactomannan and insoluble particulate inclusions or ‘fillers’ (Rayment, Ross-Murphy, & Ellis, 1995, 1998, 2000). According to these authors this type of rheological behavior can be more easily described with inclusion a yield stress term (σ0)

modified Cross equation as follows: equation(2) η=η∞+η0−η∞1+kCRγ˙n+σ0γ Table 3 shows the rheological parameters of the modified Cross model for solutions with 0.5 and 1.0 g/100 g concentrations of guar gum with polyols. In all systems the time constant increased significantly with increasing polyol concentration. Viscosity values at zero-shear rate also significantly increased with increasing guar and polyol concentration. In all systems the presence of 40 g/100 g polyol decreased the n value, demonstrating an increase in the degree of pseudoplasticity.

For samples G1, G1M10, G1S10 G1X10 the parameter infinite shear rate viscosity (η∞) resulted in negative values during fitting. In order to eliminate this inconsistency we decided to establish a fixed value for this parameter and only adjust the additional fitting parameters. Cediranib (AZD2171) The criterion adopted to set the value of consisted in assuming a linear relationship between and guar concentration for each polyol concentration. The samples of guar 0.1 g/100 g, pure and with polyols, did not present viscoelastic behavior, as shown in Fig. 2, which shows the variations in the energy storage modulus (G′) and the phase angle (δ) as a function of the angular frequency, obtained with a 5% deformation amplitude. Nevertheless, the rheological measurements carried out in 0.5 and 1 g/100 g guar solutions provided evidence that the presence of polyols, and the increase in their concentrations, increased the values of G′, resulting in more structured systems.

This finding validates our approach of extracting formal measures from corpus-based language models. Moreover, the relation between linguistic accuracy and amount of explained variance makes it very unlikely that the effect on the N400 is in fact due to a confounding variable rather than to surprisal per se. This is because such a confound would need to explain not only the effect of surprisal but also the effect of linguistic accuracy. The relation between N400 and word surprisal is further confirmed by the results of a recent fMRI study in which participants listened to spoken narratives (Willems, Frank, Nijhof, Hagoort, & Van den Bosch, 2014). Words with

higher surprisal resulted in increased RG7422 datasheet activation of the left temporal lobe, an area that has repeatedly been identified SB431542 price as an important source for the N400 (Service et al., 2007, Simos et al., 1997 and Van Petten and Luka, 2006). N400 effects are usually investigated on content words only; Dambacher et al. (2006), too, excluded function words in their study of the relation between cloze probability and the N400. However, several studies have found that less predictable function words also result in increased N400 size ( DeLong et al., 2005, Martin et al., 2013 and Wicha et al., 2003). Separate analyses on content and function words revealed that, in our data, the effect is mostly (if not exclusively) present on content words.

One reason why we failed to find a reliable N400 effect on function words might simply be that natural language (as captured in our sample of sentences) does not display much variance in function-word surprisal. The question remains why word surprisal would be predictive of N400

size. Two functional interpretations of the N400 that have been proposed are that Adenosine triphosphate it reflects semantic integration (e.g., Hagoort et al., 2009 and Kuperberg, 2007) or the retrieval of lexical information from memory (e.g., Brouwer et al., 2012 and Kutas and Federmeier, 2000), with increased integration or retrieval difficulty resulting in a larger N400. We do not propose a third account but take the effect of surprisal to be subsumed by the memory-retrieval account: More predictable words can be pre-activated, thereby making it easier to retrieve their lexical information. In contrast, it is less clear why a more surprising word would be harder to semantically integrate into its sentence context, in particular when surprisal is estimated by language models that are only minimally (if at all) sensitive to semantics, as was the case here. The word probabilities estimated by our models arise from statistical word-order patterns, which depend much more on syntactic than on semantic factors. Gouvea, Phillips, Kazanina, and Poeppel (2010) argue that surprisal and entropy reduction, being ‘one dimensional measures of syntactic processing cost’ (p.

Up to now, there have been some different models that have limited prognostic value in HCC [31] and [32]. On the basis of multivariate analysis, we have established a simple preoperative prognostic multiple-factor score model; we found that high NLR, size of tumor > 5 cm, III-IV of TNM stage, and AST > 40 U/l were identified as independent prognostic

factors for DFS (Figure 3, A and B, and Table 3) and OS ( Figure 3, C and D, and Table 3). This is consistent with several previous reports that tumor size > 5 cm was a significant risk factor of recurrence after liver resection [33], [34] and [35] and AST is an independent selleck products predictor for DFS in patients with HCC [36], [37] and [38]. Patients with HCC with small tumors (< 5 cm) have a better prognosis [39] and [40]; larger tumors (> 5 cm) are reported to be associated with greater likelihood of vascular invasion and higher recurrence risk [33] and [34]. The follow-up data by univariate analysis revealed that tumor size > 5 cm, multiple tumor

number, III-IV of TNM stage, PVTT, distant metastasis, and AST > 40 U/l were associated with a shorter DFS and OS, and recurrence was associated with a shorter OS (Table 2). Although univariate analysis in this study showed that multiple tumor number, PVTT, and distant metastasis were preoperative prognostic predictors of poor DFS and OS, none of these factors were identified as independent predictors by multivariate analysis find more Forskolin (Table 3). However, this result did not mean that these factors are not associated with recurrence and metastasis and are not potential prognostic factors for HCC after resection. For example, tumor number indicating a unifocal or multifocal tumor origin is an important determinant of prognosis in patients with HCC undergoing several kinds of treatments, and individuals with solitary HCC have relatively better survival rate and prognosis than those with multinodular tumors [41]. Previous study has also shown that PVTT is an independent predictor of microvascular invasion [42]. The main cause of metastatic and recurrence

in HCC is that tumor cells tend to invade portal veins leading to PVTT, which is a unique manner of HCC dissemination and is associated with poor prognosis of HCC [43] and [44]. PVTT, arising from the invasion of HCC cells into the portal vein, is well acknowledged as a special type of metastasis in HCC [45] that is characterized by vascular invasion and a more aggressive phenotype. Taken together, our results showed that high NLR (> 2.31) was an independent predictor for DFS and OS; elevated preoperative NLR reflecting tumor burden, invasion, and metastasis indirectly suggested that NLR might be a novel biomarker for HCC prognosis. We established a multiple-factor scoring system in which NLR is a major component to predict each patient’s prognosis.