Stimuli that enhance cAMP levels (e.g., prostaglandin E2 or PDE4 inhibitors) suppress SIK2 activity and robustly potentiate IL-10 production by macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), a phenotype that can be mimicked by small molecules that directly inhibit SIK2 [ 24••, 25 and 26]. Whereas recombinant IL-10 supplementation is ineffective in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients [ 27], perhaps due to insufficient delivery to the gut mucosa [ 28], these data suggest that SIK2 inhibition may be effective at increasing IL-10 levels directly in this tissue. The additional ability of SIK2 inhibitors to suppress production of IL-12 and other inflammatory cytokines

makes this kinase a promising target for further investigation CDK inhibitor review in IBD [ 24,26]. Studies from genetics, physiology and chemical biology continue to implicate kinases as potential targets for restoring normal cytokine function in disease (Table Entinostat 1). Novel polymorphisms in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2, a gene previously linked to Parkinson’s disease)

confer increased risk of IBD [ 29]. Functional studies suggest that LRRK2 regulates production of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines by macrophages [ 30 and 31]. In addition, SNPs near IRAK1, which encodes a kinase required for production of interferons (IFNs) following viral infection, confer increased risk of systemic lupus erythematosus [ 32]. The serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) regulates differentiation of TH17 cells, a CD4+ T cell subset that produces IL-17A and other inflammatory cytokines, in response to environmental factors including NaCl; small-molecule inhibition of SGK1 suppresses high salt-induced TH17 development [ 33 and 34]. Mechanism-of-action studies have implicated the phoshatidylinositol kinase PIKfyve as the target of the clinical candidate apilimod, an inhibitor of IL-12/23 production discovered through phenotypic screening [ 35• and 36]. Targeting kinases implicated

in cytokine regulation, Lepirudin with novel inhibitors or those repurposed from other indications, is a critical step for testing novel therapeutic hypotheses and may yield valuable starting points for drug development. Signaling cascades downstream of immune receptors converge on transcription factors to regulate cytokine expression. The clinical success of calcineurin inhibitors, which suppress IL-2 production following T cell receptor stimulation by preventing dephosphorylation of NFAT [17], demonstrates the utility of small molecules that target transcriptional regulation in immune cells. In addition to acute transcriptional responses, activation of immune cells leads to chromatin modifications that can promote acquisition of distinct effector states [6, 7, 8 and 9].

9% [95% CI 16.3-25.5](p<0.0001). Also a significant heterogeneity was found (i-square 89% p<0.000). Even when different types

and doses of agents were considered (high vs. low volume PEG vs. sodium phosphate vs. Mg citrate), the rate of “excellent or good” bowel cleansing was always superior in the split group with a difference ranging from 11.6% to 30.0% GDC-0068 datasheet (p<0.001). Such a superiority was progressively lost with increasing time between the last dose of laxative intake and the beginning of the colonoscopy (Tab. 1). Regardless of types and doses of laxative used, the split regimen is the best colon cleansing method; this advantage is progressively lost with increasing time interval between the last dose of purge intake and the beginning of colonoscopy (Table 1). Table 1. time interval between last dose of purge and colonoscopy (in hours) No. of treatment arms No. of patients

(spli group/no split group) difference C.I. 95% Significance of tests < 2 11 1131/1098 0.271 0.182 to 0.360 z= 5.99 "
“The updated 2012 international AZD2281 consensus guidelines for the management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) and pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN) recommend endoscopic evaluation of all cysts determined to have “worrisome features” and surgical resection for all cysts deemed to have “high risk stigmata”. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the Sendai 2012 EUS criteria for detection of malignant pancreatic cystic lesions in the context of routine clinical care. We conducted a retrospective multi-center analysis on data from 5 sites (2 academic referral centers and 3 community-based EUS facilities) that performed EUS for evaluation of all pancreatic cysts from 2006-2011. We included only cases with either histologic Adenosine diagnosis or at least 1 year clinical surveillance data available. Patients with history of acute or chronic pancreatitis were excluded. Malignancy was defined as

high-grade dysplasia or more advanced histology or findings of metastatic disease on surveillance imaging. Accuracy of the revised Sendai criteria was assessed as sensitivity (sens), specificity (spec), positive- (ppv) and negative predictive values (npv) for presence of any of the following features on EUS imaging: i) presence of mural nodules, ii) solid component, iii) main pancreatic duct size ≥ 5 mm and iv) cytology suspicious or positive for malignancy. Overall performance of the criteria was evaluated by calculation of the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) using multivariable logistic regression assigning 1 point for the presence of each of the aforementioned criteria. A total of 544 patients with pancreatic cysts (median age 68 years [IQR 58, 75], 65.8% women) were included in the study analysis. There were 13 (2.4%) malignancies identified. Carcinoembryonic antigen was available in 299 (54.9%) of cases: mean CEA 1129 ng/mL, standard deviation 8675.

Wir schließen daraus, dass die Demethylierung von MeHg zu Hg2+ nicht der Mechanismus ist, der für die Entwicklung neurologischer Effekte im Verlauf der chronischen Latenzphase während der Exposition verantwortlich ist. Clarkson und Magos [2] schlugen vor, dass die Demethylierung von MeHg ein Teil der Verteidigungsstrategie der Gliazellen sein könnte, was einmal mehr die Bedeutung der interzellulären learn more Abhängigkeit zwischen Neuronen

und Gliazellen betont. Wir haben bereits auf die Bedeutung von SH-Gruppen für die Bindung von Quecksilber hingewiesen, durch die wiederum die Konzentration von „freiem” Quecksilber verringert wird, das eine Interaktion mit sensitiven zellulären Bindungsstellen eingehen kann. Purkinje-Zellen sind reich an SH-Gruppen [120], die als inerte Bindungsstellen fungieren und so ein Quenching der Wirkung von Hg im Zellinnern herbeiführen können, was den Zellen eine höhere Toleranz gegenüber Hg verleiht [121] and [122]. Bei einer MeHg-Behandlung von Astrozyten im Cerebellum ist eine stärkere Depletion von GSH

beobachtet worden als bei Astrozyten im Kortex [123]. Der Grund für die höhere Produktion Ku-0059436 ic50 von ROS in cerebellären Astrozyten war der höhere Gehalt an GSH in kortikalen Astrozyten im Vergleich zu cerebellären Astrozyten. Jedoch wurden keine Unterschiede hinsichtlich der zellulären Verteilung von GSH zwischen Körner- und Purkinje-Zellen festgestellt [124]. Nach Exposition gegenüber MeHg wurde vor allem in Bergmann-Gliazellen, Purkinje-Zellen, Astrozyten und Gliazellen der weißen Substanz Metallothionein (MT) nachgewiesen, nicht dagegen in Körnerzellen [103]. Metallothioneine bestehen aus etwa 62 Aminosäuren, wobei 20 davon Cysteinreste sind. Dies verleiht dem Protein eine außerordentlich hohe Kapazität für die Chelierung von Metallen, die an SH-Gruppen binden. Daher

stellen Metallothioneine einen wichtigen Faktor dar, der die Bindung von Quecksilber an funktionell bedeutsame SH-Gruppen not reduzieren kann. Dies sind wichtige Gesichtspunkte im Hinblick auf die unterschiedlichen Effekte in Neuronen sowie im Zusammenhang mit indirekten Wirkungen auf Neuronen als Ergebnis von Effekten, die in Gliazellen ausgelöst werden. Zusammenfassend lässt sich also sagen, dass der Gehalt an SH-Gruppen die MeHg-bedingten toxischen Effekte beeinflussen und zum Teil die unterschiedliche Sensitivität der verschiedenen Zelltypen erklären kann, die sich z. B. anhand von Befunden zur Synthese von Makromolekülen zeigen lässt [125], [126] and [127]. MeHg stört die Synthese von DNA, RNA und Proteinen. Der Mechanismus ist nicht bekannt, jedoch kann angenommen werden, dass die Bindung an wichtige SH-Gruppen bei diesen Veränderungen eine bedeutende Rolle spielt, z. B. durch sekundäre Veränderungen an DNA und RNA sowie Konformationsänderungen bei ribosomalen Proteinen [128].

Although the main purpose of the

draft directive [10] is to promote the sustainable growth of maritime and coastal activities and the sustainable use of coastal and marine resources by establishing, among others, a framework for MSP in EU waters, there is also the underlying goal of ensuring effective trans-boundary cooperation between member states on MSP, and facilitating the development of sea basin perspectives and mutually-coordinated approaches to sea space within a sea basin. The report on minimum requirements [29] focuses on the issue of the minimum transnational co-operation needed to successfully initiate and implement MSP in the BSR. The comparison of the two documents highlights significant similarities, as follows (Table 3): (a) agreement on objectives and main MSP principles (minimum agreement Dasatinib chemical structure on these matters); Since these elements form the core learn more of the system of mutually coordinated sea basin MSP, verifying whether or not they are included in the Polish MSP permits assessing the ability of Poland to participate in wider Baltic Sea cooperation and to assess the extent to which Polish MSP converges with the European and Baltic Sea

approaches. Since information about MSP in Poland is available in the literature [30], [31] and [32], only the most important characteristics are presented in this paper. The total area of the internal Polish marine waters is about 1991 km2. The area of the 12-nm zone is 8682 km2, while that of the EEZ is 22634 km2. A disputed area with unresolved claims from Denmark and Poland is located south of Bornholm (Fig. 4). Sea areas are managed for the Polish state by the minister responsible for matters

of maritime economy, which, at present, is the Methane monooxygenase Minister of Infrastructure and Development, and the regional administration of the directors of three Maritime Offices. The Maritime Institute in Gdańsk, which is subordinate to the ministry, is a think tank for MSP and new, innovative sea uses [33] and [34]. MSP is promoted under the recently developed Maritime Policy of Poland, which is the policy of the entire government. Sea space is also included in the Spatial Development Concept of Poland, which is a part of the Long-Term Development Strategy. In effect, Poland is one of a few countries worldwide that has achieved a high level of strategic integrity between marine and terrestrial spaces. Regulations concerning spatial planning of sea areas are contained in the Act on Sea Areas of Poland and Maritime Administration of March 21, 1991. They regulate planning of sea space and of the terrestrial strip immediately adjacent to these areas known as the “coastal belt” (in Polish pas nadbrzeżny). The maritime spatial plans set forth rules for: • the use of sea areas; The legislation does not, however, stipulate that the development of maritime spatial plans is compulsory.

The Adequate Intake (AI) was used in place of the EAR for the micronutrients without EAR values. The percentage distribution of the macronutrients with respect to the total energy intake was assessed according

to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR). BAY 80-6946 manufacturer The AI was established when it was not possible to determine the EAR, and thus, the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances). It is hoped that the AI is enough to meet or exceed the micronutrient requirement and ensure a healthy nutritional status. However, one cannot use the AI values to estimate the requirements; it is only a recommended intake. Analysis of the habitual nutrient intake distribution among the groups with regard to the reference values was done by the PC-SIDE Idelalisib cell line – Software for Intake Distribution Estimation- Version 1.02, 1999, taking the EAR as the cut-off point (or AI when an EAR value was not available). The software uses the methodology proposed by Verret (2006) [24] who used mathematical transformations to reduce the distortion that is typically observed in daily intake distribution. Transformations are also used to normalize daily intake data and analyze the variance. It then establishes the mean habitual

intake, the percentile intake distribution and the proportion of the population that is above or below a given limit (in this case, the EAR and AI). The result is the probability of adequate or inadequate intake of a given nutrient expressed in percentages. A probability equal to or above 70% is considered RAS p21 protein activator 1 adequate. Dietary cholesterol intake was based on the World Health Organization – WHO [25] recommendations, which states that an intake of 300mg or less per day is appropriate. The demographic and anthropometric data were analyzed after dividing the participants of the study into three groups according to their %EWL (< 50; 50┤75 and = 75). The statistical analysis and data representation were done by Excel for Windows 2007, BioEstat 3 [26], PC-SIDE, 1999

and SAS, 2004. All of the recorded continuous variables were tabled as means ± standard deviation or median, accompanied by the maximum and minimum values. The nominal variables were expressed in percentages. The nutrient data were mathematically transformed until normality was achieved [27]. The Student’s t-test and the Mann Whitney test were used to analyze the relationship between the means and the medians, respectively, of continuous and categorical variables when the distribution was normal. When there were more than two sets of data, the means were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by the Tukeytest and by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests when the data did not present a normal distribution under the curve. The significance level was set at 5% (P < .05) for all calculations. The criterion adopted to determine surgical success (%EWL = 50) showed that 84% of the women achieved a successful outcome.

The incidence of constipation and exanthem was lower in eldecalcitol than in alfacalcidol group (Table 2). There was no significant difference in the incidence of any other adverse events between the eldecalcitol and alfacalcidol groups. Analyses of the seven pre-specified subgroups revealed that there were no significant interactions between treatment effect and any this website baseline clinical findings. Among patients with two or more prevalent vertebral fractures, the hazard ratio for incident vertebral

fractures was 0.61 (95% CI, 0.40–0.93) in favor of eldecalcitol over alfacalcidol. The hazard ratio for incident vertebral fractures among patients with a total hip BMD T-score of less than − 2.5 was 0.56 (95% CI, 0.34–0.90), indicating the superior effect of eldecalcitol among patients with low total hip BMD (Fig. 6). This 3-year trial demonstrated that eldecalcitol buy 17-AAG decreased the risk of vertebral fractures more than

did alfacalcidol. Subgroup analyses suggested that the effect of eldecalcitol on reducing risk of vertebral fractures is greater in patients with more severe osteoporosis, indicated by total hip BMD T-scores of less than − 2.5 or multiple fractures. The effect of alfacalcidol on vertebral fracture incidence has been examined. Some studies reported positive results [8] and [9], while others did not show a significant reduction in vertebral fractures with alfacalcidol [10] and [11]. A previous meta-analysis reported that active and native vitamin D3 reduced the risk of vertebral fracture [17]. However, that analysis did not have the power to distinguish the effect of alfacalcidol and 1,25(OH)2D3 from that of native vitamin D3, and the effect of active vitamin D3 was

influenced by one large study using 1,25(OH)2D3[18]. Thus, controversy remained as to the anti-fracture effect of active vitamin D3. In the present study, patients with serum 25(OH)D below 50 nmol/L were supplemented with 400 IU vitamin D3 daily, and serum 25(OH)D was over 50 nmol/L in more than 92% of the patients. Because the anti-fracture effect of eldecalcitol was observed among vitamin D-sufficient osteoporotic patients, the effects of eldecalcitol on fractures, as well as on BMD [6], were unlikely to be the effect of supplementing for vitamin D insufficiency. Eldecalcitol reduced vertebral fracture incidence Dimethyl sulfoxide with a suppression of urinary NTX as a bone resorption marker. As to the mechanism of the suppression of bone resorption, eldecalcitol was shown to reduce the number of preosteoblastic cells which interact with osteoclast precursors, resulting in a reduction in the number and activity of osteoclasts on the bone surface [19]. In agreement with these observations, in vivo administration of eldecalcitol to mice reduced perimeter of receptor activator of NF-kB ligand-positive cell surface around the trabecular bone (Saito H, et al. personal communication).

In this context, the FRI is thus a useful rapid assessment tool to identify vital body system deficits underlying the frailty syndrome. The FRI does not replace other briefer screening tools to identify individuals with frailty, but is most useful learn more as a

secondary tool that classify patients as prefrail or frail to target specific risks for monitoring or intervention purposes. We thank the following voluntary welfare organizations for their support of the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Studies: Geylang East Home for the Aged, Presbyterian Community Services, Thye Hua Kwan Moral Society (Moral Neighbourhood Links), Yuhua Neighbourhood Link, Henderson Senior Citizens’ Home, NTUC Eldercare Co-op Ltd, Thong Kheng Seniors Activity Centre (Queenstown Centre) and Redhill Moral Seniors Activity Centre. “
“Person-centered care (PCC) is an approach that focuses on knowing each nursing home (NH) resident as a whole person. The goal is to customize care according to the individual’s abilities, needs, and preferences. PCC approaches promote resident choice, personal continuity, meaningful activity, a homelike environment, and positive relationships with care providers.1, 2 and 3 The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, as well as a growing number of long-term care communities and stakeholder groups, endorse PCC and value

it as an important part of quality AZD2281 care.4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 Although PCC is a promising new approach, NH providers face challenges measuring their progress toward this goal. Many excellent tools exist, yet few meet criteria for ease of use and feasibility in NHs. A recent review evaluated 12 tools measuring PCC for older adults, including 8 tools intended for NH use.9 Although they have many strengths, most tools were designed PIK3C2G for research rather than practice; most have not been used and validated beyond the development period; and few directly engage the perspective of the resident. The need for indicators is timely because Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services will soon require

all NHs to develop performance improvement projects in areas that impact clinical care, quality of life and resident choice.10 The Advancing Excellence in America’s Nursing Homes PCC toolkit aims to give providers a practical means to collect data from the resident’s point of view and incorporate it systematically to assess and improve PCC in practice settings. In 2013, Advancing Excellence in America’s Nursing Homes (AE), a national long-term care collaborative (www.nhqualitycampaign.org), launched a PCC toolkit for providers. The AE PCC toolkit is available for free download (http://www.nhqualitycampaign.org). Communities can enter their data on a monthly basis, view graphs of their progress, and compare results with providers nationwide. The toolkit has 2 main components.

To demonstrate the usefulness of such a relation, we show below

a two-stage algorithm for estimating POM. We took the average value of POM/SPM for our whole dataset (0.795) as the boundary value to help distinguish between the two classes of particle populations. We classified particle populations with POM/SPM > 0.795 as class I (or organic-dominated class), and particle populations with POM/SPM < 0.795 as class II (or mixed class). On the basis of this division we were able to calculate a pair of relationships similar to that in equation HSP inhibitor (2). For class I particles (organic-dominated class) the first relationship takes the form equation(6a) POM=1.62[bp(650)]0.901(r2=0.76;MNB=7.4%;NRMSE=45.8%;n=148),and Alpelisib price for class II (mixed sample class) the second relationship is as follows: equation(6b) POM=1.27[bp(650)]0.766(r2=0.70;MNB=9.5%;NRMSE=57.3%;n=75).Having established the above relations, we construct a two-stage algorithm to estimate POM. In the first step we propose using the values of ap(440) and ap(400) and equation (5) to estimate POM/SPM, and on the basis of this estimated value, to classify our particular case as class I or class II. Then, in the second step, we can calculate the value of POM according to equation (6a) or (6b), depending on the result of the first step of the classification.

Here we must bear in mind that in certain situations the first step of this procedure may mean that some cases will be erroneously classified as class I or class II (because of the statistical nature of equation (5) used in the classification). This will obviously lead to a partial Farnesyltransferase deterioration of the overall quality of the proposed two-stage procedure. Nevertheless, this overall quality may be statistically

accessed in the same manner as was done in the case of the one-step procedure (i.e. equation (4)), by calculating the corresponding values of MNB and NRMSE. In fact, our two-stage procedure for estimating POM resulted in the following values: MNB = 7.9% and NRMSE = 49.4% (number of observations n = 220). This means that by using the proposed two-stage procedure instead of the simple formula given by equation (4), we obtain improved values of MNB and NRMSE (compare values of 7.9% with 9.2%, and 49.4% with 56%). That suggests that the two-stage procedure for estimating POM might be worth implementing in situations where the particle composition (in terms of POM/SPM) is expected to vary significantly. This two-stage procedure is given only for the estimation of POM values. Admittedly, we also attempted to construct similar two-stage procedures for estimating SPM, Chl a and POC, but we were unable to achieve a significant improvement in the estimates compared to simple relations presented earlier ( equations (1), (2) and (3)). Finally, we have to stress once again that the formulas and procedure presented above ((1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6a)) are merely examples.

Transcript profiling: Microarray data are available on the GEO database: accession number GSE60557. Sina Bartfeld was responsible for the study design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, and writing of the manuscript; Tülay Bayram was responsible for the acquisition of data; Marc van de Wetering was this website responsible for the analysis of data; Meritxell Huch was responsible for support during the initial phase of the project; Robert Vries was responsible for ethical approval; Harry Begthel was responsible for histology; Pekka Kujala was responsible for the EM studies; Peter

Peters was responsible for the supervision of EM studies; and Hans Clevers was responsible for the supervision and writing of the manuscript. “
“Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a biologically heterogeneous disease that develops via distinct pathways involving combinations of

genetic and epigenetic changes.1 Defining tumor subtypes based on pathway-driven alterations2 has the potential to improve prognostication and guide targeted therapy. Two well-described pathways of colorectal tumorigenesis include chromosomal instability (CIN) and microsatellite instability (MSI), the latter being a consequence of deficient DNA mismatch repair (dMMR).1 and 3 Deficient MMR can result from a germline mutation in an MMR gene (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2), ie, Lynch syndrome (LS). More commonly, dMMR is sporadic and is due to epigenetic inactivation of MLH1 that is generally associated with hypermethylation of promoter regions of cancer-specific selleck compound genes known as the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) high. 3, 4 and 5 Sporadic AZD2281 dMMR, but not LS, tumors frequently carry the activating somatic V600E mutation in exon 15 of the BRAF oncogene. 6 BRAF is a member of the Raf kinase family that is a regulator of the MAP kinase/ERK signaling pathway. 7 and 8BRAFV600E mutations occur downstream from and are mutually exclusive of KRAS codon 12 and 13 mutations 8 that are detected in 30%–40% of CRCs. 9 Both sporadic and LS-associated cancers with

dMMR display a clinical phenotype characterized by right-sided location, high-grade histology, and abundant tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. 10 and 11 The association of BRAF, KRAS, and MMR individually with prognosis has been studied in colon cancers by ourselves 11, 12 and 13 and others. 4, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19 However, development of a classifier using biomarker combinations has the potential to identify distinct tumor subtypes with varying prognoses. Knowledge of pathways of colorectal tumorigenesis supports the subtyping of colon cancers using data for dMMR/MSI, MLH1 methylation or CIMP, and mutations in BRAFV600E and KRAS oncogenes as proposed previously. 2 and 20 Tumor classification with these biomarkers includes serrated pathway subtypes in addition to subtypes reflecting the more typical adenoma-to-carcinoma sequence.

(2007). During all heating period and when held at 90 °C, storage modulus did not decrease indicating resistance to rupture of the flour starch granules. On the other hand, during the cooling period, a sharp increase in the storage modulus was observed of almost double the values reached at the end of the heating period. This indicates that although the gel structure

was formed mainly during the heating period, it was Selleck ABT 737 further strengthened upon cooling. The TG’inc values were similar in both whole and defatted flours. Therefore, lipids were considered to have no influence in this parameter. Chiotelli and Le Meste (2003) reported that the addition of triglycerides in concentrated potato starch preparations had no effect on the gelatinization process or rheological behavior of starch during heating. On the other hand, G″ was found to be higher than G′ in extruded flours in the whole temperature range studied with no clear TG′inc,, thereby indicating a viscous behavior (Fig. 3C and D). This difference was maintained throughout the cooling period, in which a slight increase in both G′ and G″ is observed during holding at 20 °C. These results are consistent with the DSC data and indicate that there were physical and chemical changes as a consequence of the process conditions.

Similar results were reported by González, Dabrafenib in vitro Carrarra et al. (2007) who reported a complete loss of the crystalline and granular structure of flours obtained from extrusion cooking. However, Cindio, Gabriele, Pollini, Peressini, and Sensidoni (2002) reported higher storage modulus than loss modulus in extruded cereal mixtures across the entire range of temperature, indicating an elastic behavior. Sandoval et al. (2009) reported the same behavior GPX6 in a ready-to-eat cereal formulation

obtained by other high temperature processes, and compression molding. The results showed that the chemical composition of the two flours was similar. Flours obtained by both extrusion processes presented high solubility in water and low values of L∗ (luminosity), absorption in water, final viscosity and retrogradation tendency. Three endothermic transitions were observed for whole native amaranth flour that did not change after defatting. Two of them were observed after extrusion in mild conditions and only one after extrusion at severe condition. Viscous behavior, verified by rheology analysis, showed marked differences between native and extruded samples. Extruded flours may be used as an ingredient for instant meal products. Native flour properties are comparable to those of isolated amaranth starch, which are good paste stability, low solubility in water, and elastic behavior. Thus, one of the commercial uses of thermoplastic extrusion is the production of instant meals. The authors are grateful for the financial support from the FAPESP (Process 2007/01907-9).