73 m(2) body surface area (K(creat)); and phosphate (PDR) and sod

73 m(2) body surface area (K(creat)); and phosphate (PDR) and sodium dialytic removal (SDR) in millimoles per session, AZD8055 corrected for glucose absorption, which provides an estimate of metabolic cost. Blood pressure was also regularly monitored. Initially, 25 patients were identified for inclusion in the study. There were 6 withdrawals in total: 2 at

enrolment, 1 at day 75 (transplantation), 2 at day 30 (catheter dysfunction), and 1 for drainage alarms. All patients received the same duration of overnight APD, using the same total volume of dialysate, with the same 1.5% glucose, lactate-buffered dialysate (Balance: Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany).

Results: Tolerance was good. Compared with APD-C, APD-A resulted in a significant enhancement of Kt/V(urea), K(creat), and PDR. The metabolic

cost, in terms of glucose absorption, required to achieve dialytic capacity for urea, creatinine, and phosphate blood purification was significantly lower for APD-A than for APD-C, and UF increased during APD-A. With APD-A, each gram of glucose absorbed contributed to 18.25 +/- 15.82 mL UF; in APD-C, each gram of glucose absorbed contributed to 15.79 +/- 11.24 mL UF. However, that difference was not found to be significant (p = 0.1218). The SDR was significantly check details higher with APD-A than with APD-C: 35.23 +/- 52.00 mmol and 18.35 +/- 48.68 mmol per session respectively (p < 0.01). The mean blood pressure recorded at the end of each PD period (on day 45) was significantly lower when patients received

APD-A than when they received APD-C.

Conclusions: Our study provides evidence that, compared with the uniform dwell times and fill volumes used throughout an APD-C dialysis session, the varying dwell times and fill volumes as described for an APD-A dialysis session result in improved dialysis efficiency in terms of UF, Kt/V(urea), K(creat), PDR, and SDR. Those results were achieved without incurring any extra financial costs and with a reduction in the metabolic cost (assessed using glucose absorption).”
“Phytoestrogens (PEs) are naturally occurring chemical constituents of certain plants. The internal PE exposures, mainly from diet, vary among different populations and in different Entinostat cell line regions due to various eating habits. To investigate the potential relationship between urinary PE levels and idiopathic male infertility and semen quality in Chinese adult males, 608 idiopathic infertile men and 469 fertile controls were recruited by eligibility screening procedures. Individual exposure to PEs was measured using UPLC-MS/MS as spot urinary concentrations of 6 PEs (daidzein, DAI; equol, EQU; genistein, GEN; naringenin, NAR; coumestrol, COU; and secoisolariciresinol, SEC), which were adjusted with urinary creatinine (CR). Semen quality was assessed by sperm concentration, number per ejaculum and motility.

Traditional techniques for measuring serological responses to P

Traditional techniques for measuring serological responses to P. falciparum antigens use plasma or dried blood spots (DBS). These invasive procedures pose a biohazard and may be unacceptable to communities if performed frequently. The use of oral fluid (OF) samples to detect antibodies to P. falciparum antigens may be a more acceptable strategy to monitor changes in population immunity.

Methods: An enzyme immunoassay was optimized EVP4593 order to detect antibodies to whole, asexual stage P. falciparum

antigens. Optical density (OD) values from paired DBS and OF samples collected as part of a community-based survey of malaria parasitaemia were compared.

Results:

Oral fluid and dried blood spot samples were collected from 53 participants in Southern Province, Zambia. Their ages ranged from 1 to 80 years and 45% were female. A statistically significant LBH589 correlation (r = 0.79; P < 0.01) was observed between OD values from OF and DBS samples. The OF assay identified all DBS-confirmed positive and negative samples, resulting in 100% sensitivity and specificity.

Conclusions: Oral fluid is a valid alternative specimen

for monitoring changes in antibodies to P. falciparum antigens. As OF collection is often more acceptable to communities, poses less of a biohazard than blood samples and can be performed by community volunteers, serological surveys using OF samples provide a strategy for monitoring population immunity in regions of declining malaria transmission.”
“The internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA, trnL and trnL-F chloroplast genes of Cardamine amaraeformis Nakai (Brassicaceae) were sequenced and analyzed with the sequences of related Cardamine sp available in GenBank LY333531 ic50 to detect the pattern of C. amaraeformis evolutionary differentiation. C. amaraeformis, which is endemic to South Korea, formed a clade with Cardamine pedata (69 bootstrap support) in all trees resulting from combined sequence data analyses of internal transcribed spacer, trnL and trnL-F genes. The phylogenetic analysis also clearly revealed that C. amaraeformis is distinct from the morphologically similar Cardamine scutata.

(c) 2011 American Institute of Physics [doi: 10 1063/1 3535543]“

(c) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3535543]“
“Background: The 7-valent CRM(197) pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV7) was originally licensed using 3 primary doses during infancy and a booster in the second year of life. We compared the originally licensed regimen to 2 widely used alternative regimens.

Methods: Five hundred forty-three infants were randomized to receive PCV7 at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months (3 + 1), at 4, 6, and 12 months

(2 + 1), or at 2, 4, and 6 months (3 + 0). Blood was drawn at 2, 7, 13, and 19 months. Serotype-specific IgG concentrations were determined by ELISA.

Results: In the 2 + 1 group, postprimary IgG concentrations www.selleckchem.com/products/Cyt387.html against serotypes 6B, 14, 18C, and 23F were reduced compared with the 3 + 1 or 3 + 0 groups. Both 3 + 1 and 2 + 1 groups showed marked booster response, but the 2 + 1 group had reduced concentrations against serotypes

6B, 18C, 23F. At 19 months, IgG antibodies decreased in both 3 + 1 and 2 + 1 groups but the 2 + 1 group had significantly lower concentrations against serotypes 6B, 18C, and 23F. IgG concentrations decreased in the 3 + 0 group during the second year and were significantly TH-302 clinical trial lower than those of 3 + 1 and 2 + 1 for all serotypes at 13 and 19 months.

Conclusions: Significant differences in immunogenicity were documented between the reduced and the licensed regimens. The clinical implications of these differences require further studies.”
“We compared pre-

and postoperative voiding function in patients with POP and assessed the efficacy of urodynamic studies in these cases.

Forty-six patients treated with the tension-free vaginal mesh (TVM) procedure between January 2009 and February 2010 underwent pressure flow study pre- and postoperatively. Pre- and postoperative voiding functions were assessed according to Schafer nomograms.

The mean postoperative detrusor pressure at maximal flow was decreased significantly compared with that preoperatively. The mean maximum flow rate was also improved significantly and the proportion of normal contractility was increased significantly after the operation, as was the proportion of non-obstructive patients.

The TVM procedure for pelvic organ prolapse CP-868596 mw improved both detrusor contractility and urethral obstruction.”
“Detailed investigations of 1/f noise were performed in patterned Permalloy films. The gold bridges for the four probe measurement setup were deposited on a quartz substrate. Pattern geometry, bias current, and transverse magnetostatic field effects on the material’s 1/f noise were studied. The normalized Hooge parameter and frequency slope were analyzed in the framework of the empirical Hooge relation. Different dependences of the noise versus bias current generated Oersted field and the magnetostatic field were observed. The normalized Hooge parameter and frequency slope were pattern width and field configuration dependent.

0001) The distance posterior from the biceps was found to be the

0001). The distance posterior from the biceps was found to be the most important predictor for supraspinatus fatty degeneration, whereas tear width and length were found to be the most important https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sbe-b-cd.html predictors for infraspinatus fatty degeneration.

Conclusions: Fatty

degeneration of the rotator cuff muscles is closely associated with tear size and location. The finding of this study suggests that the integrity of the anterior supraspinatus tendon is important to the development of fatty degeneration. Patients with full-thickness tears that extend through this area may benefit from earlier surgical intervention if fatty degeneration has not already occurred. Additionally, the findings suggest the importance of secure fixation and healing of the anterior aspect of the supraspinatus with surgical repair.”
“Transient neutropenia is reported in some patients on biologic

therapy. We report two cases of severe neutropenia in patients with Crohn’s disease following treatment with LBH589 manufacturer anti-TNF therapy. In both cases neutrophil specific granulocyte autoantibodies were detected during period of neutropenia and disappeared on cessation of anti-TNF therapy. These may indicate that anti-TNF agents may produce autoimmune agranulocytosis by triggering production granulocyte autoantibodies. The long term management strategy for patients with anti-TNF therapy induced autoimmune neutropenia is uncertain. (C) 2012 European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: AS1842856 price A concern regarding the use of metal-on-metal bearings in hip arthroplasty has been that the high levels of metal ions that are released overwhelm the renal threshold for metal excretion, leading to systemic buildup of metals. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if the physiological renal capacity for cobalt clearance and cobalt concentrating efficiency is overwhelmed by the elevation in metal ion levels seen in patients with metal-on-metal-bearing hip devices.

Methods: Concurrent specimens of urine and plasma were obtained from a group of 461 patients (346 men and 115 women) at various intervals after

either a unilateral (296) or a bilateral (130) metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty or preoperatively (thirty-five patients; the control specimens). Metal ion analyses were performed with high-resolution inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Renal efficiency was measured as the ratio of urine cobalt concentration to plasma cobalt concentration. Cobalt clearance was calculated by dividing the urine cobalt output in twenty-four hours by the plasma cobalt concentration. Dividing the quotient by 1440 adjusts it to clearance per minute.

Results: The median renal efficiency was found to be 0.9 in the analysis of the preoperative specimens, indicating that there was renal conservation of cobalt. In patients with metal-on-metal bearings, the median renal efficiency was 3.

Benzodiazepines are also abused for recreational purposes and the

Benzodiazepines are also abused for recreational purposes and the number of benzodiazepine abusers is unfortunately increasing. Within weeks of chronic use, tolerance to the pharmacological effects can develop and withdrawal becomes apparent once the drug is no longer available, which

are both conditions indicative of benzodiazepine dependence. Ferroptosis tumor Diagnosis of addiction (i.e. compulsive use despite negative consequences) may follow in vulnerable individuals. Here, we review the historical and current use of benzodiazepines from their original synthesis, discovery and commercialisation to the recent identification of the molecular mechanism by which benzodiazepines induce addiction. These results have identified the mechanisms underlying the activation of midbrain dopamine neurons by benzodiazepines, and how these drugs can hijack the meso-corticolimbic reward system. Such knowledge Stem Cell Compound Library calls for future developments of new receptor subtype specific benzodiazepines with a reduced addiction liability.”
“A fast micromagnetic simulator (FastMag) for general problems is presented. FastMag solves the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation and can handle multiscale problems with a high computational efficiency. The simulator derives its high

performance from efficient methods for evaluating the effective field and from implementations on massively parallel graphics processing unit (GPU) architectures. FastMag discretizes the computational domain into tetrahedral elements and therefore is highly flexible for general problems. The magnetostatic field is computed via the superposition principle for both volume and surface parts of the computational domain. This is accomplished by implementing efficient quadrature rules and analytical integration for overlapping elements

in which the integral kernel is singular. Thus, discretized superposition integrals are computed using a nonuniform grid interpolation method, which evaluates the field from N sources at N collocated observers in O(N) operations. This approach allows handling objects of arbitrary shape, allows easily calculating of the field outside the magnetized domains, SC79 does not require solving a linear system of equations, and requires little memory. FastMag is implemented on GPUs with GPU-central processing unit speed-ups of 2 orders of magnitude. Simulations are shown of a large array of magnetic dots and a recording head fully discretized down to the exchange length, with over a hundred million tetrahedral elements on an inexpensive desktop computer. VC 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3563081]“
“Purpose: To determine whether brain temperature measured by using preoperative proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy could help identify patients at risk for cerebral hyperperfusion after carotid endarterectomy (CEA).

Materials and Methods: Institutional review board approval and informed consent were obtained.

All but two infections occurred in ulcerative colitis patients, a

All but two infections occurred in ulcerative colitis patients, and all responded to appropriate treatment.

Conclusions: Intestinal superinfections may complicate the clinical picture of IBD patients, increasing the diagnostic and therapeutic burden. Appropriate early diagnostic and therapeutic measures are thus needed in these patients. (C) 2011 European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Molecular

mechanism of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) remains unclear. This study was to investigate different expressions of PERK between the spinal ligament fibroblasts from OPLL patients VX-689 in vivo and non-OPLL patients, and demonstrate knockdown of PERK protein expression by RNA interference inhibiting expression of osteocalcin (OCN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and type I collagen (COL I) in MCC950 ic50 the cells from OPLL patients.

Spinal ligament cells were cultured using tissue fragment cell culture and identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The mRNA expression of osteoblast-specific genes of OCN, ALP and COL I was detected in the cells from OPLL and non-OPLL patients by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression of PERK was detected by Western blotting. And then, after 72 h, when RNA interference against PERK was performed on the cells from OPLL patients,

expression PFTα chemical structure of the osteoblast-specific genes was compared again between the transfection group and non-transfection group.

Spinal ligament fibroblasts were observed 7-10 days after cell culture. Immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence exhibited positive results of vimentin staining. The mRNA expressions of OCN, ALP and COL I and protein expression of PERK in the cells from OPLL patients were significantly greater than those from non-OPLL patients. In addition, knockdown of PERK protein expression inhibited the mRNA expressions of OCN, ALP and COL I remarkably in the transfection group

compared with the non-transfection group, at 72 h after RNA interference targeting PERK was performed on the cells from OPLL patients.

The cultured fibroblasts from OPLL patients exhibited osteogenic characteristics, and PERK-mediated ER stress might be involved in development of OPLL.”
“Background and aims: Adalimumab has been shown to be efficacious and well-tolerated in Western patients with Crohn’s disease. These 2 randomized, double-blind clinical trials evaluated adalimumab efficacy and safety in Japanese patients with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease.

Methods: 90 patients enrolled in the induction trial and were randomized to receive adalimumab 160/80 mg, adalimumab 80/40 ring or placebo at Weeks 0/2. At Week 4, patients who achieved a decrease in CDAI >= 70 points versus Baseline entered the maintenance trial and were randomized to adalimumab 40 mg every other week or placebo for 52 weeks.

At high temperatures, the changes in the dielectric constant and

At high temperatures, the changes in the dielectric constant and loss induced by the magnetic field are opposite in sign and strongly frequency-dependent, which originates from extrinsic magnetodielectric coupling-the Maxwell-Wagner effect combined with magnetoresistance. And the interface defects leads to the obvious hysteresis phenomena observed in the measurements. On the other hand, the strong coupling of dielectric and magnetic properties at low temperatures contradicts the Maxwell-Wagner model, suggesting the intrinsic magnetodielectric

coupling. Our observations are consistent with the recent polarization switching measurements, which confirm the low-temperature multiferroic state existing in highly lossy Fe3O4. And the core/shell nanostructure may provide a new route to achieve applicable magnetoelectric Birinapant molecular weight materials with low loss. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3504030]“
“Two conflicting tendencies can be seen throughout the biological world: individuality and collective behaviour. Natural selection operates on differences among individuals, rewarding those who perform better. Nonetheless, even within this milieu, cooperation arises, Sapanisertib and the repeated emergence of multicellularity is the most striking example. The same tendencies are played out at higher levels, as individuals cooperate in groups, which compete

with other such groups. Many of our environmental and other global problems can be traced to such conflicts, and to the unwillingness of individual agents to take account of the greater good. One of the great challenges in achieving sustainability will be in understanding the basis of cooperation, and in taking multicellularity to yet a higher level, finding the pathways to the level of cooperation that is the only hope for the preservation of the planet.”
“In this paper, a vertical-aligned www.selleckchem.com/JNK.html silicon nanowires (Si NWs) array has been synthesized

and implemented to the Si NW-array-textured solar cells for photovoltaic application. The optical properties of a Si NWs array on both the plane and pyramid-array-textured substrates were examined in terms of optical reflection property. Less than 2% reflection ratio at 800 nm wavelength was achieved. Using leftover monocrystalline Si (c-Si) wafer (125 x 125 mm(2)), a 16.5% energy conversion efficiency, with 35.4% enhancement compared to the pyramid-array-textured c-Si solar cells, was made by the Si NW-array-textured solar cells due to their enhanced optical absorption characteristics. However, without SiN(x) passivation, the short circuit current reduced due to the increased surface recombination when using Si NWs array as surface texturing, indicating that an optimum surface passivation was prerequisite in high-efficiency Si NW-array-textured solar cells. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.

3614527]”
“Operational tolerance (OT) in liver transplant pa

3614527]”
“Operational tolerance (OT) in liver transplant patients occurs much more frequently than OT of other transplanted organs; however the rate of OT varies considerably with the centre and patient PLX3397 solubility dmso population. Rates of OT range from 15% of the total liver transplant (LTX) patient population down to less than 5%. This review examines the reports of liver OT and compares the

factors that could contribute, to this variation. Multiple factors were examined, including the time from transplantation when weaning of immunosuppression (IS) was commenced, the rapidity of weaning, the contribution of maintenance and induction IS and the patient population transplanted. The approaches that might be used to increase the likelihood of OT are discussed and the approaches to monitoring OT in LTX patients are reviewed. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Ethylene-responsive element-binding factor (ERF) genes

constitute one of the largest transcription factor gene families in plants. In Arabidopsis and rice, only a few ERF genes have been characterized so far. Flower senescence is associated with increased ethylene production in many flowers. However, the characterization of ERF genes in flower senescence has not been reported. In this study, 13 ERF cDNAs were cloned from petunia. Based on the sequence characterization, these PhERFs could be classified into four AZD6094 of the 12 known ERF EVP4593 solubility dmso families. Their predicted amino acid sequences exhibited similarities to ERFs from other plant species. Expression analyses of PhERF mRNAs were performed in corollas and gynoecia of petunia flower. The 13 PhERF genes displayed differential expression patterns and levels during natural flower senescence. Exogenous ethylene accelerates the transcription of the various PhERF genes, and silver thiosulphate (STS) decreased the transcription of several PhERF genes in corollas and gynoecia. PhERF genes of group VII showed a strong association with the rise in ethylene production in both petals and gynoecia, and might be associated particularly with flower senescence in petunia. The effect of sugar,

methyl jasmonate, and the plant hormones abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and 6-benzyladenine in regulating the different PhERF transcripts was investigated. Functional nuclear localization signal analyses of two PhERF proteins (PhERF2 and PhERF3) were carried out using fluorescence microscopy. These results supported a role for petunia PhERF genes in transcriptional regulation of petunia flower senescence processes.”
“A real-space, real-time implementation of time-dependent density functional theory is used to study electron field emission from nanostructures. Carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoribbons are used as model systems. The calculations show that carbon nanotubes with iron adsorbates have spin-polarized emission currents.

Clinical trials in patients with gastric cancer with PC should be

Clinical trials in patients with gastric cancer with PC should be stratified according to PC grade.”
“Ethynylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes with acetylene under atmospheric pressure in the catalytic system KOH-H2O-DMSO (aldehyde-KOH molar ratio 1 : 2, -5 to -7A degrees C, 3 h) gave secondary propargyl alcohols in 46-67% Wnt inhibitors clinical trials yield.”
“Aim

of the study: To describe differences over time in outcome, physical and cognitive function among survivors of cardiac arrest treated with hypothermia and to examine survivors’ life satisfaction 6 months after cardiac arrest as well as gender differences.

Methods: The study was prospective and included 45 cardiac arrest survivors admitted to three Swedish

hospitals between 2008 and 2012. Participants were followed from intensive care unit discharge to one and six months after cardiac arrest. In addition to cerebral performance category (CPC), participants were asked to complete questionnaires regarding activities in daily life (Barthel index), cognitive function (mini mental state examination), and life satisfaction (LiSat-11).

Results: Outcome measured using CPC scores improved over time. At 6 months, all participants were classified as having a good outcome. At one month, participants were impaired but improved over time in their activities in daily life and cognitive function. At 6 months satisfaction with “”life as a whole”" was seen in Ruboxistaurin cost 70%.

Conclusions: Cardiac arrest survivors are satisfied with life as a whole despite a severe illness that has impaired their physical and cognitive function, which seemed to improve over time. Predicting patients’ functional outcome in early stages is difficult, and the CPC score alone is not sufficient to assess patients’ function. It is a need to reach a consensus to which instruments best reflect physical and cognitive function as well as to specify a rehabilitation plan. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of formononetin and the related buy Belinostat mechanisms on isolated rat thoracic

aorta. Formononetin concentration dependently relaxed aortic rings precontracted with norepinephrine (NE, 1 mu M) or KCl (80 mM). Pretreatment with formononetin noncompetitively inhibited contractile responses of aortas to NE and KCl. The vasorelaxant effect of formononetin partially relied on intact endothelia, which was significantly attenuated by incubation with N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (100 mu M). In endothelium-denuded rings, glibenclamide (10 mu M) and tetraethylammonium (5mM) showed slight reduction in the vasorelaxant effect of formononetin. Moreover, formononetin reduced NE-induced transient contraction in Ca2+-free solution and inhibited the vasocontraction induced by increasing external calcium in medium plus 80 mM KCl.

The final diagnosis was right, congenital Horner’s syndrome due t

The final diagnosis was right, congenital Horner’s syndrome due to ipsilateral internal carotid agenesis. We describe in detail the radiological findings and pathophysiological mechanisms of this unusual association.”
“The aim of this work was to study the enrichment of the Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) content of lipid extracted from Mucor zychae by employing a low-temperature urea crystallization process. GLA, a polyunsaturated fatty acid has been reported to have many health benefits and has potential implications in food and pharmaceutical industry. Lipids extracted from the mycelia of fermented broth were transesterfied and analysed by gas chromatography. Results showed that

the fungal oil contained (%) myristic acid (1.2), palmitic acid (35.3), palmitoleic acid (3.7), stearic acid (2.7), oleic acid (39.2), linoleic acid (6.4) and gamma linolenic acid (8.7). After the first step of crystallization, the percentage of GLA enriched in selleck chemicals the total lipid was increased to 63.5. The concentration of GLA further increased when the enriched lipid sample was subjected to Urea crystallization for

the second time. GLA percentage increased from 63.5 to 92.7, and recovery of GLA was 63%. By altering the ratio of fatty acid ethyl ester:urea, the concentration characteristics and the recovery of GLA also varied; highest recovery of GLA (69%) was obtained when, the above ratio was 1:3. Furthermore, GLA recovery was in considerable amounts at 0 degrees C crystallization. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Peritonitis is a common and serious complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Coagulase-negative staphylococci

click here from Epigenetics inhibitor the patient’s own skin flora are the most commonly found micro-organisms.

Objective: In the present study we aim to elucidate the immune response in the early stage of infection and to clarify the importance of bacterial attachment to fibrinogen.

Methods: Clinical Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates collected from PD peritonitis or the residential skin flora of healthy individuals were used to infect monocytes, macrophages, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in the presence or absence of fibrinogen. The S. epidermidis strain HB (fbe(+)), expressing the fibrinogen-binding protein Fbe, and its isogenic mutant STO56 (fbe(-)) were used to study the impact of Fbe during cell infection. Immune induction was measured as interleukin-8 (IL-8) production determined by ELISA. Modulation of CD11b/CD18 expression in neutrophils incubated in conditioned medium from these experiments was analyzed in order to judge the cellular response.

Results: S. epidermidis causing peritonitis was less immunogenic compared to strains belonging to the residential skin flora, as measured by IL-8 induction in monocytes and CD11b/CD18 expression in neutrophils. At low bacterial concentrations, attachment to fibrinogen was a prerequisite for an IL-8 induction in monocytes and PBMC.